Abstract
In Algeria, the olive tree is one of the main fruit species and plays a very important socioeconomic role. The objective of this study was firstly, to identify and quantify the phenolics of some Algerian olive oils, and secondly, to assess the antioxidant activity of the samples. The olive oils used in this study were derived from Algerian cultivars, including Tefahi, Gelb Elfarroudj, Chemlal, and imported cultivar Manzanilla and Zebboudj. For this purpose, gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify olive oil fatty acids profile, while the individual phenolic compounds were assessed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HESI-MS). To verify the antioxidant capacity, five in vitro free radical assays were used. Questionable values of particular physico-chemical parameters, such as the high value of free acidity and the low concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids in oil from the Zebboudj cultivar, indicate that improvements in olive cultivation and oil production practices are needed. Gelb Elfarroudj, Tefahi, and Manzanilla oils contain quantities of monounsaturated fatty acids in accordance with EU regulations. The oil obtained from the Zebboudj cultivar is not usable for food purposes due to the high value in free acidity and the low concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids. Tefahi and Manzanilla cultivars have given oils with the best antioxidant activity as compared to other studied cultivars; this is attributable to their composition in bioactive phenolic compounds, such as secoiridoids, which play an important role in human health as scavengers of free radicals. The results are interesting for producers and consumers to promote the culture of olive oils derived in particular from the Tefahi cultivar. However, in order to improve the health qualities of this oil, the agronomic techniques essentially linked to the time of harvesting of the olives destined for oil production must be improved.
Highlights
Olea europaea L., or more commonly olive tree, is largely cultivated for the production of its nutritional and healthy fruits
The major phenolic compounds present in olive oil and conferring it the antioxidant activity belong to the class of secoiridoids mainly represented by oleuropein and ligstroside derivatives, which are strong radical scavengers and are responsible for bitterness and pungency of Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) [2,3,4]
The oil obtained from the Zebboudj cultivar had a free acidity value (1.25 g oleic acid 100 g−1 of oil) higher than the established limit, whereas the oils obtained from the Manzanilla and Gelb Elfarroudj cultivars had free acidity values 0.80 and 0.75 respectively; the first value was equal to the maximum allowed limit and the second one was very close to it
Summary
Olea europaea L., or more commonly olive tree, is largely cultivated for the production of its nutritional and healthy fruits. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is an integral ingredient of the Mediterranean diet and a wide number of analytical techniques were used to identify the chemical composition [1]. These techniques indicated that the fine characteristics, the good health effect, and the biological activity of EVOO are mainly attributed to the presence of the unsaturated fatty acids as major components. They are recognized in olive oils mostly by the presence of the acids: oleic (C18:1), palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), stearic (C18:0), linoleic (C18:2), and linolenic (C18:3). The major phenolic compounds present in olive oil and conferring it the antioxidant activity belong to the class of secoiridoids mainly represented by oleuropein and ligstroside derivatives, which are strong radical scavengers and are responsible for bitterness and pungency of EVOO [2,3,4]
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