Phase transition temperatures of 405-725 K in superfluid ultra-dense hydrogen clusters on metal surfaces

Leif Holmlid,Bernhard Kotzias

doi:10.1063/1.4947276

Abstract

Ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) with its typical H-H bond distance of 2.3 pm is superfluid at room temperature as expected for quantum fluids. It also shows a Meissner effect at room temperature, which indicates that a transition point to a non-superfluid state should exist above room temperature. This transition point is given by a disappearance of the superfluid long-chain clusters H2N(0). This transition point is now measured for several metal carrier surfaces at 405 - 725 K, using both ultra-dense protium p(0) and deuterium D(0). Clusters of ordinary Rydberg matter H(l) as well as small symmetric clusters H4(0) and H3(0) (which do not give a superfluid or superconductive phase) all still exist on the surface at high temperature. This shows directly that desorption or diffusion processes do not remove the long superfluid H2N(0) clusters. The two ultra-dense forms p(0) and D(0) have different transition temperatures under otherwise identical conditions. The transition point for p(0) is higher in temperature, which is unexpected.

Highlights

Ultra-dense hydrogen has been studied in two forms, ultra-dense protium p(0)[1,2] and ultradense deuterium D(0).[3,4] These quantum fluids H(l=0)[3] consist of chain clusters H2N(0)
This transition point is measured for several metal carrier surfaces at 405 - 725 K, using both ultra-dense protium p(0) and deuterium D(0)
The metal surfaces used as carriers for H(0) are both high temperature melting metals like Ta and softer metals like Ni

Summary

Introduction

Ultra-dense hydrogen has been studied in two forms, ultra-dense protium p(0)[1,2] and ultradense deuterium D(0).[3,4] These quantum fluids H(l=0)[3] consist of chain clusters H2N(0) Both forms are superfluid at room temperature[5] as evidenced for example by a fountain effect. As for ordinary superfluids,[12] a transition temperature should exist at elevated temperature (here above room temperature) for the superfluid layer to a non-superfluid state. This is the first study to investigate such properties of the ultra-dense materials, and it mainly explores the differences between p(0) and D(0) and between different metal carrier surfaces. More accurate measurements of the transition points probably require different methods, since the heat due to the analyzing laser pulse decreases the precision of the transition temperature determination

Results

Discussion

Conclusion