Phase-field simulation of microstructure evolution in electron beam additive manufacturing.

Abstract

Electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) is an emerging additive manufacturing technology with extremely high energy beam. The rapid solidification in the molten pool is of interest but not fully understood. In EBAM, with both large thermal gradient and cooling rate, the microstructure evolution during solidification is difficult to be described. The quantitative multi-phase-field model provides an effective way to reveal the dynamic evolution of dendrites in the molten pool of EBAM. In this study, the thermal profile is interpolated from the macroscale simulation at each time-step, to couple the realistic thermal evolution in the molten pool. The microstructure evolution and competitive growth have been investigated in details. Simulations of dendrite arrays with the same orientation showed how the growth velocity and the primary spacing of columnar dendrites depend on thermal gradient and cooling rate. The results are in agreement with theoretical models qualitatively. Moreover, the Gaussian nucleation model was introduced so as to give a better prediction of the microstructure in EBAM.