Abstract
IntroductionDry immersion (DI) is a ground-based experimental model which reproduces the effects of microgravity on the cardiovascular system and, therefore, can be used to study the mechanisms of post-flight orthostatic intolerance in cosmonauts. However, the effects of long-duration DI on cardiovascular system have not been studied yet. The aim of this work was to study the effects of 21-day DI on systemic hemodynamics and its baroreflex control at rest and during head-up tilt test (HUTT).MethodsTen healthy young men were exposed to DI for 21 days. The day before, on the 7th, 14th, and 19th day of DI, as well as on the 1st and 5th days of recovery they were subjected to HUTT: 15 min in supine position and then 15 min of orthostasis (60°). ECG, arterial pressure, stroke volume and respiration rate were continuously recorded during the test. Phase synchronization index (PSI) of beat-to-beat mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in the frequency band of baroreflex waves (∼0.1 Hz) was used as a quantitative measure of baroreflex activity.ResultsDuring DI, strong tachycardia and the reduction of stroke volume were observed both in supine position and during HUTT, these indicators did not recover on post-immersion day 5. In contrast, systolic arterial pressure and MAP decreased during HUTT on 14th day of DI, but then restored to pre-immersion values. Before DI and on day 5 of recovery, a transition from supine position to orthostasis was accompanied by an increase in PSI at the baroreflex frequency. However, PSI did not change in HUTT performed during DI and on post-immersion day 1. The amplitude of MAP oscillations at this frequency were increased by HUTT at all time points, while an increase of respective HR oscillations was absent during DI.Conclusion21-day DI drastically changed the hemodynamic response to HUTT, while its effect on blood pressure was reduced between days 14 and 19, which speaks in favor of the adaptation to the conditions of DI. The lack of increase in phase synchronization of baroreflex MAP and HR oscillations during HUTT indicates disorders of baroreflex cardiac control during DI.
Highlights
Dry immersion (DI) is a ground-based experimental model which reproduces the effects of microgravity on the cardiovascular system and, can be used to study the mechanisms of post-flight orthostatic intolerance in cosmonauts
We introduce a novel approach to the assessment of baroreflex activity, based on the calculation of the phase relations of blood pressure and heart rate (HR) oscillations at the frequency of baroreflex waves using the phase synchronization index (PSI) (Borovik et al, 2014, 2019; Negulyaev et al, 2019)
Regarding the phase synchronization of blood pressure and HR during syncope, we showed, for the first time, that the absence of PSI increase at an early stage of the head-up tilt test is associated with subsequent decompensation of hemodynamics and orthostatic intolerance (Borovik et al, 2019)
Summary
Dry immersion (DI) is a ground-based experimental model which reproduces the effects of microgravity on the cardiovascular system and, can be used to study the mechanisms of post-flight orthostatic intolerance in cosmonauts. Long-duration exposure to microgravity is accompanied by profound changes in most of the physiological systems (Demontis et al, 2017), including disturbances in the sensorimotor, skeletal, and muscular systems, as well as changes in the regulation of cardiovascular system (LeBlanc et al, 2000; Eckberg, 2003). Such changes significantly limit the ability of cosmonauts to perform tasks after returning to the gravitational environment, which can significantly complicate their professional activity after landing on Earth, and on the Moon (Rudas et al, 1999; Hughson et al, 2012). Under conditions of a long space flight, the baroreflex is impaired, which is one of the reasons for orthostatic intolerance after returning to Earth (Buckey et al, 1996; Waters et al, 2002)
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