Abstract
Raspberry ketone (RK) is an aromatic phenolic compound naturally occurring in red raspberries, kiwifruit, peaches, and apples and reported for its potential therapeutic and nutraceutical properties. Studies in cells and rodents have suggested an important role for RK in hepatic/cardio/gastric protection and as an anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-obesity, depigmentation, and sexual maturation agent. Raspberry ketone-mediated activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) stands out as one of its main modes of action. Although rodent studies have demonstrated the efficacious effects of RK, its mechanism remains largely unknown. In spite of a lack of reliable human research, RK is marketed as a health supplement, at very high doses. In this review, we provide a compilation of scientific research that has been conducted so far, assessing the therapeutic properties of RK in several disease conditions as well as inspiring future research before RK can be considered safe and efficacious with limited side effects as an alternative to modern medicines in the treatment of major lifestyle-based diseases.
Highlights
Introduction to Raspberry KetoneRaspberry ketone (RK; 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) butan-2-one), one of the major aromatic compounds found in European red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), defines the characteristic fragrance and taste of raspberry
RK can be produced via the condensation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde with acetone; it is only considered as a nature-identical flavoring substance according to the EU and US regulations [4] and cannot be marketed as a “natural” flavoring compound according to food laws [5]
The results from this study found that high-fat diet-induced obese mice have a higher bioavailability and absorption of RK, and RK accumulated in lipid-rich tissues such as the brain
Summary
Raspberry ketone (RK; 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) butan-2-one), one of the major aromatic compounds found in European red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), defines the characteristic fragrance and taste of raspberry. Of the many health intracellular benefits reported, the anti-obesity of RK has gained metabolites including methylated raspberry ketone (RK-Me) and raspberry alcohol (ROH). Raspberry ketone has shown to stimulate the white and crease the accumulation of fatsvia around the abdominal organs and enhance fat burning brown adipose tissues norepinephrine-induced lipolysis, inhibiting the absorption o efficiencydietary [10]. Raspberrythe ketone has of been reported brown adipose tissues via norepinephrine-induced lipolysis, inhibiting the absorption sess anti-androgenic [13], depigmentation [14], anti-inflammatory [15] as wellofas cardio dietary fat in the small intestine [16]. Since it was a non-systematic review, we used keywords such as “raspberry ketone”, “hepatoprotection”, “cardioprotection”, “gastroprotection”, “obesity”, “pigmentation”, and “bone regeneration”
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