Pharmacokinetic interaction of chloroquine and methylene blue combination against malaria

Abstract

The combination of chloroquine and methylene blue is potentially effective for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The aim of this study was to investigate whether methylene blue influences the pharmacokinetics of chloroquine. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group design, a 3-day course of therapeutic oral doses of chloroquine (total 2.5 g in male, 1.875 g in female participants) with oral co-administration of placebo or 130 mg methylene blue twice daily for 3 days was administered to 24 healthy individuals. Chloroquine, desethylchloroquine, and methylene blue concentrations were determined by means of HPLC/UV or LC/MS/MS assays in whole blood, plasma, and urine for 28 days after the last dose. During methylene blue exposure, the area under the chloroquine whole blood concentration-time curve normalized to body weight (AUC(0-24 h)/BW) yielded a trend of reduction (249+/-98.2 h mug l(-1) kg(-1) versus 315+/-65.0 h mug l(-1) kg(-1), P=0.06). The AUC(0-24 h)/BW of desethylchloroquine was reduced by 35% (104+/-40.3 h mug l(-1) kg(-1) versus 159+/-66.6 h mug l(-1) kg(-1), P=0.03), whereas the metabolic ratio between chloroquine and desethylchloroquine remained unchanged (2.25+/-0.49 versus 1.95+/-0.42, P=0.17). The renal clearance of chloroquine and the ratio between chloroquine in whole blood and plasma remained unchanged (P>0.1). Oral co-administration of methylene blue appears to result in a small reduction of chloroquine exposure which is not expected to be clinically relevant and thus represents no concern for further development as an anti-malarial combination.