Abstract
Abstract: This study was developed in Ibitipoca State Park (ISP), a mountainous massif that stands out in the Serra da Mantiqueira, in the Southeastern Region of Brazil. The vegetation is represented by a phytophysiognomic mosaic where areas of campos rupestres interspersed with cloud dwarf forests predominate, at altitudes of 1100 to 1700 m.s.m. The cloud dwarf forests exist in narrow altitude belts on the mountain peaks, immersed in a layer of clouds. They form a peculiar landscape high in the mountains by the short stature of the arboreal elements and richness of lichens and bryophytes, which develop under constant condensation of humidity, low temperatures, and frequent winds. The objective of the present work was to determine the floristic composition and phytogeography of the cloud dwarf forests of ISP. Twelve monthly campaigns were conducted to collect botanical material during the years 2014 and 2015. The collected material was deposited in the collection of the CESJ Herbarium. A total of 372 species, 209 genera, and 73 families of phanerogams were found. The richest families were Orchidaceae (84 spp.), Asteraceae (39 spp.), and Melastomataceae (21 spp). The genera with the greatest wealth were Leandra (09 spp.), Epidendrum (09 spp.), Pleurothallis (09 spp.), Mikania (07 spp.), and Miconia (07 spp). The arboreal habit was predominant with 103 species (27.7%), followed by 83 shrubs (22.3%), 82 epiphytic herbs (22%), 80 terrestrial herbs (21.5%), and 23 lianas (6.5%). The floristic composition presents elements typical of altitude vegetation, including species of campos rupestres and high epiphytes richness, especially of the families Orchidaceae and Bromeliaceae. The genera with tropical distribution represent 86.5%, whereas the temperate elements represent 13.5% of the total. The cloud dwarf forests presented similarity, at the family and gender levels, with the upper montane forests of the Andes, besides phytogeographic characteristics that allow to associate them to a transition environment between the campos rupestres and the upper montane forests of the Southeast Region of Brazil.
Highlights
The regions of tropical mountains are considered of great importance for the conservation of natural resources, presenting high biological diversity and a high index of endemism, propitiated by the variety of environments associated with biotic and abiotic factors that provide places favorable to speciation (Martinelli 2007)
The upper montane vegetation in the Southeastern Region of Brazil is constituted by a vegetative mosaic composed by forest and field formations, which vary according to the geographic region and the altitude gradients (Oliveira-Filho 2009)
Ibitipoca State Park (ISP) is located in Minas Gerais, between the municipalities of Lima Duarte, Bias Fortes, and Santa Rita do Ibitipoca, at coordinates 21o40’-21o44 ‘S and 43o52’-43o55’ W and covers an area of 1,488 ha
Summary
The regions of tropical mountains are considered of great importance for the conservation of natural resources, presenting high biological diversity and a high index of endemism, propitiated by the variety of environments associated with biotic and abiotic factors that provide places favorable to speciation (Martinelli 2007). These regions represent refuges and corridors for regional and continental migrations, and often have richer plant diversity than the adjacent lowlands (Martinelli 2007). It is believed that the decrease in atmospheric pressure and temperature, as well as the increase in wind speed and solar radiation, may be related to high plant diversity (Körner 1999, Rahbek 2005)
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