PH titration curves of the desialylated human α 1-acid glycoprotein variants by combined isoelectrofocusing—electrophoresis: utilization in the development of a fractionation method for the protein variants by chromatography on immobilized metal affinity adsorbent

Abstract

Using a two-dimensional isoelectrofocusing (IEF)—electrophoresis technique, the pH titration curves of the three main desialylated variants (F1, S and A) of human α 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) were studied to assist in the development of a fractionation method for the AAG variants. For this purpose, different AAG samples, each corresponding to one of the three main phenotypes of the protein (F1S/A, F1/A and S/A), were first purified by chromatographic separation of individual human plasma samples on immobilized Cibacron Blue F3G-A. The purified AAG samples were then desialylated and their heterogeneity was checked by analytical IEF. The pH-mobility curves of the desialylated AAG samples were displayed in polyacrylamide gel slabs, under a constant set of experimental conditions, by carrying out electrophoresis of the protein samples perpendicularly to two stationary pH gradients: a large gradient (pH 3.5–9.5) and a narrow gradient (pH 5–8). The curves showed that all the desialylated variants of AAG exhibited small charge differences and moved closely together between about pH 3.5–5.5 and pH 7.5–9.5. However, the variants were found to show microheterogeneity in their total charge between about pH 5.5 and 7.5 due to the titrated ionizable groups involved along this pH zone. This microheterogeneity was assumed to be accounted for by the existence of differences between the titratable histidyl residues of the AAG variants. Consequently, the interactions of the variants with immobilized transition metal ions were studied at pH 7, using affinity chromatography on an iminodiacetate Sepharose—Cu(II) gel. It was found that the A variant was strongly bound by immobilized Cu(II) ions, whereas the F1 and S variants interacted non-specifically with the immobilized ligand. This finding allowed the development of a rapid and effective fractionation method for desialylated AAG into its A and F1 or S variants, depending on the AAG phenotype, by chromatography on an immobilized affinity Cu(II) adsorbent. The quantitative relationships between immobilized Cu(II) ions and desialylated AAG (the apparent association constant and gel protein-binding capacity) were also determined using a non-chromatographic equilibrium binding technique.