Abstract
The demand for oil, gas, and other energy sources are growing dramatically with the worldwide energy consumption that projected to increase by 37 percent in 2035. Rising demand driven by world’s population which predicted to increase by 25 percent in the next 20 years [1]. Indonesia as the fourth largest population in the world, known to its total primary energy consumption increased by more than 50 percent between 2000 and 2010. Currently, Indonesia’s oil production reached nearly 860,000 barrels of oil per day [2]. Oil and gas exploration and production (E and P) activities aside from a necessity, are responsible for various environmental accidents around the world, e.g.: Oil spills during transportation and distribution; Waste from the E and P operations in the form of oil sludge, waste drilling fluid/mud; Waste treatment plant residue (oil separator, oil catcher, dissolved air flotation); Leakage from floating storage, tankers, storage tanks; Residue from cleaning activities; Work over wastes, well completion, treatment, and stimulation fluid; Produced water; Offshore wells drilling leakage as well as the distribution of oil spilled from the well to the tanker and from the ship to the mainland [3,4]. Inadequate treatment of those wastes can threaten the human health and safety as well as the environment.
Highlights
The demand for oil, gas, and other energy sources are growing dramatically with the worldwide energy consumption that projected to increase by 37 percent in 2035
Significant total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) reduction was found in microcosm-2 with 37% reduction efficiency followed with microcosm-3 and -1 with 25% and 8% reduction, respectively
At the end of the treatment, TPH reduction in the microcosm reactor was measured with highest removal efficiency found at microcosm-2 (85%) followed with microcosm-3 and -1 with 79% and 46% reduction, respectively
Summary
The demand for oil, gas, and other energy sources are growing dramatically with the worldwide energy consumption that projected to increase by 37 percent in 2035. Oil and gas exploration and production (E and P) activities aside from a necessity, are responsible for various environmental accidents around the world, e.g.: Oil spills during transportation and distribution; Waste from the E and P operations in the form of oil sludge, waste drilling fluid/mud; Waste treatment plant residue (oil separator, oil catcher, dissolved air flotation); Leakage from floating storage, tankers, storage tanks; Residue from cleaning activities; Work over wastes, well completion, treatment, and stimulation fluid; Produced water; Offshore wells drilling leakage as well as the distribution of oil spilled from the well to the tanker and from the ship to the mainland [3,4]. With its average production of 860.000 barrels oil per day, Indonesia was predicted to produce approximately 51.000 cubic meter of oil sludge annually This quantity of waste does not include oily sludge found from existing burial site/pits from the E and P operation activity. Waste lubricants Ballast water Boiler blow down Drilling fluids, muds and cutting
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