Abstract
Natural enemies and life-history traits were studied for the control of Choristoneura jezoensis Yasuda et Suzuki, Dendrolimus superans (Butler) and Lymantria dispar (L.) in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Outbreaks of the todo-fir budworm, C. jezoensis, occurred during 1965–1975 in plantations of Abies sachalinensis Masters. The population in natural forests, however, remained at low levels during this period. Natural mixed forests were preferred to man-made forests for controlling pests. I present control methods utilizing life-history traits of the pests. The hemlock caterpillar, D. superans, overwinters in the soil in its larval stage. To control the pest, every tree trunk was banded with vinyl tape to impede larvae crawling up to the canopy. Another method is for the gypsy moth, L. dispar. In Hokkaido the female oviposit below the branch. Higher egg-masses suffered greater predation by birds. This predation was increased by pruning of the lower branches.
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