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Abstract
Perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PDI) and its derivatives exhibit excellent thermal, chemical and optical stability, strong electron affinity, strong visible-light absorption and unique fluorescence on/off features. The combination of these features makes PDIs ideal molecular frameworks for development in a broad range of sensors for detecting environmental pollutants such as heavy metal ions (e.g., Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Pd2+, etc.), inorganic anions (e.g., F−, ClO4−, PO4−, etc.), as well as poisonous organic compounds such as nitriles, amines, nitroaromatics, benzene homologues, etc. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advance in research and development of PDI-based fluorescent sensors, as well as related colorimetric and multi-mode sensor systems, for environmental detection in aqueous, organic or mixed solutions. The molecular design of PDIs and structural optimization of the sensor system (regarding both sensitivity and selectivity) in response to varying analytes are discussed in detail. At the end, a perspective summary is provided covering both the key challenges and potential solutions for the future development of PDI-based optical sensors.
Highlights
Developing chemical sensor techniques for trace-level detection of environment hazardous substances, especially heavy metal ions and organic pollutants, remains essential and has drawn increasing research efforts in past decades
Perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PDI)-based fluorescent sensors can respond to various external stimuli including toxic inorganic ions ions or organic pollutants in environment, realizing sensitive and selective sensing as measured or organic pollutants in environment, realizing sensitive and selective sensing as measured from the from the change of fluorescence intensity
It should be noted that all the lowest detection limit (LDL) data cited are correlated to the specific testing conditions, especially the concentration of PDIs, and not intended to be used for comparison among the different sensor systems
Summary
Developing chemical sensor techniques for trace-level detection of environment hazardous substances, especially heavy metal ions and organic pollutants, remains essential and has drawn increasing research efforts in past decades. In addition to the typical PET fluorescence sensing mechanism (via intermolecular or intramolecular process), PDIs based sensors (upon appropriate structure design) can be extended to other sensing modes so as to detect broader range of analytes Such sensor modes include analyte induced aggregation/disaggregation switch, protonation or chemical reaction induced fluorescence change in liquid-phase.
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