Abstract
Perylene imide (PI) molecules and materials have been extensively studied for optical chemical sensors, particularly those based on fluorescence and colorimetric mode, taking advantage of the unique features of PIs such as structure tunability, good thermal, optical and chemical stability, strong electron affinity, strong visible light absorption and high fluorescence quantum yield. PI-based optical chemosensors have now found broad applications in gas phase detection of chemicals, including explosives, biomarkers of some food and diseases (such as organic amines (alkylamines and aromatic amines)), benzene homologs, organic peroxides, phenols and nitroaromatics, etc. In this review, the recent research on PI-based fluorometric and colorimetric sensors, as well as array technology incorporating multiple sensors, is reviewed along with the discussion of potential applications in environment, health and public safety areas. Specifically, we discuss the molecular design and aggregate architecture of PIs in correlation with the corresponding sensor performances (including sensitivity, selectivity, response time, recovery time, reversibility, etc.). We also provide a perspective summary highlighting the great potential for future development of PIs optical chemosensors, especially in the sensor array format that will largely enhance the detection specificity in complexed environments.
Highlights
Developing chemosensor techniques for trace-level detection of vapor analytes, especially volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitro explosives, which are of various health and security concern, has drawn increasing research interest and efforts in the past decades [1,2,3]
Conventional analytical instrumentations such as gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [4,5,6,7,8], as well as some sensor methods such as surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors [9], quartz crystal microbalances [10] and electrochemical resistors [11] are normally managed in lab detection by professional and technical staff due to their expensive cost, bulk size or complicated and time-consuming operation
Perylene imide (PI)-based optical chemosensors can respond to various organic amines in the enviPIs-based optical chemosensors can respond to various organic amines in the environronment, which are widely used in fertilizers, pesticides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, surfacment, which are widely used in fertilizers, pesticides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, tants, food manufacturing industries and so on [57,58]
Summary
Developing chemosensor techniques for trace-level detection of vapor analytes, especially volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitro explosives, which are of various health and security concern, has drawn increasing research interest and efforts in the past decades [1,2,3]. Chemosensors 2021, 9, 1 only for real-time operation, compact size, immunity to electromagnetic interferences and remote sensing capabilities, and for simple readout of output signals (sometimes just by naked eyes) These vapor chemosensors are usually fabricated from fluorophores or chromophores as active sensing materials ( known as probes) in the form of solid films, relying on the rational design of the molecular structures. Compared to those molecule or particle-based sensors in solution-phase detection, these sensing films are usually prepared by immobilization of fluorescent or colorimetric sensors (in molecule, particle or fibril form) on suitable solid substrates, providing advantages in terms of their reusability and reproducibility, which are two crucial factors for practical applications and actual device development of chemosensors [14,15,16].
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