Abstract
AbstractThe Himalayan wolf Canis sp. and snow leopard Panthera uncia are found in the Nepalese Himalayas where conservation efforts target the latter but not the former. We conducted semistructured questionnaire surveys of 71 residents in upper Humla, upper Dolpa, and Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA) during 2014–2016 to understand people's knowledge, perceptions, attitudes and interactions with these two carnivores. We fitted a cumulative link mixed model to predict Likert scale ordinal responses from a series of Generalized Linear Mixed Models. Overall, attitudes were more positive toward snow leopards than wolves. Livestock depredation was the main predictor of the general negative attitude toward wolves (Estimate = −1.30873; p = .029866) but there was no evidence for an effect for snow leopards (Estimate = −0.3640; p = .631446). Agropastoralists had more negative attitudes than respondents with other occupations toward both carnivores and men had more positive attitudes than women. Among our study areas, respondents in the community‐owned KCA had the most positive attitudes. Our findings illustrate the need to reduce human–carnivore conflict through a combined approach of education, mitigation, and economic cost‐sharing with respectful engagement of local communities. Specifically, to encourage more villagers to participate in livestock insurance schemes, they should be improved by including all large carnivores and adjusting compensation to the market value of a young replacement of the depredated livestock type. Carnivore conservation interventions should target the whole predator guild to achieve long‐term success and to protect the Himalayan ecosystem at large.
Highlights
The Himalayan wolf and snow leopard are top carnivores coexisting in the Himalayas and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) of Asia
In the Himalayas of Nepal this understandable hostility has, in the case of snow leopards, been reduced by respectful attention to cultural and religious mores, but there has been no such attention to wolves
Comparison of local attitudes between our study areas revealed the greatest tolerance of carnivores in Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA), the only area that has adopted a community-owned conservation approach; this suggests to us that this approach should be trialled elsewhere
Summary
The Himalayan wolf (currently recommended as Canis lupus chanco by A lvares et al, 2019; see Werhahn et al, 2017, Werhahn et al, 2018) and snow leopard are top carnivores coexisting in the Himalayas and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) of Asia. Many studies on human–carnivore conflicts in highland Asia have provided important conservation implications by understanding people's attitudes toward carnivores; either by characterizing the attitudes (Bagchi & Mishra, 2006; Ferreira & Freire, 2009; Liu et al, 2011; Oli et al, 1994; Wang, Lassoie, & Curtis, 2006) or by identifying the drivers for the attitudes (Li et al, 2015; Mishra, 1997; Suryawanshi et al, 2014) These studies usually present surveyors' opinions as possible solutions rather than including those of local communities. We discuss how conservation action can benefit from a more inclusive approach
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