Abstract
Mungbean (Vigna radiata var. radiata) is a key legume crop grown predominantly in South and Southeast Asia. Biotic and abiotic stresses cause significant yield reduction in mungbean, and among these, fungal diseases are particularly important. Although disease management practices, including physical, chemical, and biological methods have been researched and described in the literature, few of these are available or have been used by growers. Here we review the economic impact, pathogen characterization, and sustainable management options for the soil-borne and foliar fungal diseases of mungbean as well as major challenges to manage these diseases. Potential use of all possible components of integrated management practices including host resistance, fungicides, biocontrol agents, natural plant products, and cultural practices etc. are discussed. Major diseases include powdery mildew, anthracnose, Cercospora leaf spot, Fusarium wilt, Rhizoctonia root rot and web blight, Macrophomina charcoal rot/dry root rot and blight. Review of the literature indicated an absence of resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot, little sources of resistance for dry root rot and anthracnose. Major resistant genes (R genes) and quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for powdery mildew and Cercospora leaf spot, which may be potentially used in Marker assisted selection (MAS). has been used in resistance breeding for both of the latter. Although the mechanisms of induced systemic resistance (ISR) by biocontrol agents have been studied with Macrophomina blight, there is little information on the mechanisms and use of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in managing fungal diseases of mungbean. Several studies targeted exploiting biological control for soil-borne root rot diseases. Botanical products, such as plant extracts, are also found effective to manage root and foliar diseases. However, many of these studies were limited to laboratory and/or green house experiments. Thus, long-term field studies are required for further exploitation of biological methods and commercial applications.
Highlights
The present review identified that root rot complex and wilt caused by soil-borne pathogens and foliar diseases are major fungal diseases impacting mungbean production in South Asia and South East Asia
Described literature revealed that sources of resistant genotypes have been identified for Cercospora leaf spot, powdery mildew, and anthracnose diseases and few for dry root rot by screening mungbean germplasms in natural field/artificial conditions in few specific locations
Breeding lines developed from the above source through cross breeding, and selections have been shared to the partners in the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) funded International Mungbean Improvement Network project
Summary
Resistant Sources for Major Fungal Diseases of Mungbean Reliable and efficient methods are available to screen for reaction to foliar diseases of mungbean including Cercospora leaf spot, powdery mildew, and anthracnose. Exploitation of host resistance and identification of molecular markers associated with major genes or QTL were mainly targeted for powdery mildew and Cercospora leaf spot (Kasettranan et al, 2010), no QTL or associated molecular markers were reported for other major fungal diseases including dry root rot and anthracnose. Majority of trials were targeted for Cercospora leaf spot, anthracnose and powdery mildew and few trials were on Macrophomina blight, web blight and dry root rot (Table 2) Most of these studies assessed fungicide efficacies in reducing disease incidence and/or severity and yield benefit; missed the economic analyses of the fungicide applications, which is critical component to recommend for farmers.
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