Abstract
Salmonella-contaminated well water could cause major infection outbreaks worldwide, thus, it is crucial to understand their persistence in those waters. In this study, we investigated the persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in 15 well waters from a rural area of Changchun City, China. Results illustrated that the time to reach detection limit (ttd), first decimal reduction time (δ), and the shape parameter (p) ranged from 15 to 80 days, from 5.6 to 66.9 days, and from 0.6 to 6.6, respectively. Principal component analysis showed that ttds of S. Typhimurium were positively correlated with total organic carbon, pH, NH4+–N, and total phosphate. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that ttds could be best predicted by NH4+–N and pH. Canonical correspondence analysis and variation partition analysis revealed that NH4+–N and pH, and the rest of the water parameters, could explain 27.60% and 28.15% of overall variation of the survival behavior, respectively. In addition, ttds were found to be correlated (p < 0.01) with δ and p. Our results showed that the longer survival (>2.5 months) S. Typhimurium could constitute an increased health risk to the local communities, and provided insights into the close linkage between well water quality and survival of S. Typhimurium.
Highlights
Salmonella has been recognized as one of the worldwide human zoonotic pathogens.When infected, patients can display typical symptoms including typhoid, fever, and diarrhea, which could be life-threatening among the young, the elderly, and immune-deficient individuals [1].Consumption of pork, beef, poultry meat, and eggs is believed to be the major cause of Salmonella infection [2,3]
Typhimurium infection outbreak was reported to occur in Guangxi, China, and this outbreak led to 108 infections [6]
The well water samples were collected from a rural area, which was about 20 km south of Changchun city, China
Summary
Salmonella has been recognized as one of the worldwide human zoonotic pathogens.When infected, patients can display typical symptoms including typhoid, fever, and diarrhea, which could be life-threatening among the young, the elderly, and immune-deficient individuals [1].Consumption of pork, beef, poultry meat, and eggs is believed to be the major cause of Salmonella infection [2,3]. Typhimurium infection outbreak was reported to occur in Guangxi, China, and this outbreak led to 108 infections [6]. Either poorly chlorinated or bacterial contaminated, was the major vector for Salmonella infection. A large community-wide outbreak that occurred in Alamosa, Colorado, was believed to be caused by unchlorinated municipal drinking water contaminated by S. Typhimurium, and this outbreak resulted in 124 confirmed cases, 20 hospitalizations, and 1 death [7]. In the Zhejiang Province of China, 26 cases were reported in an outbreak that was caused by well water contaminated by Salmonella [8]
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