Persistence of Folly: On the Origins of German Dramatic Literature by Joel B. Lande

Abstract

Reviewed by: Persistence of Folly: On the Origins of German Dramatic Literature by Joel B. Lande Elwood Wiggins Joel B. Lande. Persistence of Folly: On the Origins of German Dramatic Literature. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 2018. 354 pp. In casting around for a title, Joel Lande could have justifiably paraphrased that of Nietzsche's own first book: "The Birth of German Drama out of the Spirit of the Fool." This shorthand gives an idea of the forceful case that Lande persuasively makes in his book, Persistence of Folly: On the Origins of German Dramatic Literature. He shows that far from being a transitory phenomenon that waned after the 1730s, the fool can, in fact, provide a key to understanding the historical development of German literature in the entire eighteenth century. To do so, Lande draws upon insightful analyses of contemporary performance practice, genre theories, and discourses of nationhood. Anyone interested in the literature, history, and cultural currents of baroque and Enlightenment Germany will benefit from this engaging book. Traditionally, the fool (known in German stage practice under a large variety of names: Hanswurst, Pickelhering, etc.) is supposed to have slowly disappeared from the German-speaking lands after his banishment in an elaborately staged ceremony in 1737. By the time authors such as Lessing and Goethe raised German dramatic literature from obscure backwaters into international recognition, they did so noticeably without the hitherto most beloved figure of the German stage: the raunchy Hanswurst. But Lande shows that, though displaced from his motley costume, the function of the fool is at work in surprising ways in both mid- and late eighteenth-century drama. Lande's argument is clearly developed in both the overall trajectory and in strong readings of individual chapters. The book is divided into four parts of four chapters each. In the first part, Lande lays out the performative practices of seventeenth-century clowns so that the continuity of the fool's function will be recognizable among the widely different forms of later drama. Lande begins with a bowdlerized transformation of Hamlet (1710/1778) in order to sketch out the concerns and dichotomies that will typify the fool's actions as the "reproduction of a theatrical form." Chapter 2 traces the fool's peregrinations as an itinerant immigrant from England in seventeenth-century Germany. Chapter 3 brings one important feature of the fool's presence into focus: his ability to act both within the fictional world of the play as well for the spectators without. Here Lande sensibly introduces "the term liminality" to describe the fool's transgressive status. A brief nod to Victor Turner or Richard Schechner, whose use of this term became a touchstone for modern performance studies, would have been helpful at this point. Yet though Lande explicitly wants to make stage business integral to his methodology, he does not engage with any performance theorists in this book. Further elucidation of the limis of the fool's performance would also have helped frame the suggestive discussion on space and time in chapter 4. [End Page 370] The second part narrates the overdetermining "myth" of the Hanswurst's banishment under the direction of Caroline Neuber and Christoph Gottsched. Lande gives an invigorating overview of mid-eighteenth-century German debates about comedy. He lights on the suggestive image of the "parasite" to explain the positions of Gottsched and Lessing vis-à-vis Plautus and Terence. His ingenious claim that the banished fool has metamorphosed into a "flaw internal to the protagonist" provides a compelling approach to sentimental comedy. The third part, perhaps the strongest of the book, traces the subsequent role of the fool in discourses of social order, morality, and the formation of national and cultural identities circulating around the Sturm und Drang era. In chapter 10, "The Place of Laughter in Life," Lande distills the task of humor as "an instrument for fabricating new knowledge." Jokes in this appraisal would share the same potency as metaphor in both Aristotle's and Ricoeur's accounts. This chapter also offers a brilliant reading of J. M. R. Lenz's New Menoza as a reversal of Gottsched's expulsion of the Hanswurst. Here, however, a consideration of Lenz's own theoretical...