Perioperative nutrition in older patients: what are the priorities?

Abstract

This review aimed to synthesize recent literature on perioperative nutritional interventions for older patients. This review underscores the role of comprehensive preoperative optimization, strategic use of nutritional supplements focusing on calorie, protein, and fluid intake, and active involvement of health consumers in co-designing solutions. Tools like the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index offer a prediction value for nutrition-related complications in preoperative patients, guiding management strategies. Oral nutritional supplements, particularly those rich in protein and carbohydrates, prevent weight loss and improve functional outcomes postsurgery. However, patient satisfaction with these interventions is inconsistent and often unmeasured. Evidence suggests that prolonged fluid deprivation is harmful and preoperative hydration protocols reduce surgical stress and improve recovery outcomes. Yet, the benefit of preoperative hydration remains under-researched. Multimodal interventions for frail older adults are increasingly considered more effective than single-aspect interventions, which involve combining prehabilitation programs targeting malnutrition with smoking cessation and stabilization of preexisting conditions. Comprehensive preoperative nutritional assessment, evidence-based interventions, and health consumer involvement are crucial for improving perioperative care for elderly patients. Implementing multimodal interventions, including nutritional support and proper hydration, can enhance recovery, reduce complications, and improve the quality of life for older surgical patients.