Abstract
The performance of a sustainable green concrete with fly ash (FA), rice husk ash (RHA), and stone dust (SD) as a partial replacement of cement and sand was experimentally explored. FA and RHA have a high silica content, are highly pozzolanic in nature and have a high surface area without any treatment. These by-products show filler effects, which enhance concrete’s density. Results showed that the FA and RHA materials have good hydration behaviour and effectively develop strength at an early age of concrete. SD acts as a stress transferring medium within concrete, thereby allowing the concrete to be stronger in compression, and bending. Consequently, water absorption capacity of the sustainable concrete was lower than that of the ordinary one. However, a little reduction in strength was observed after the replacement of the binder and aggregate using the FA, RHA and SD, but the reduction was insignificant. The reinforced structure with sustainable concrete containing the FA, RHA, and SD generally fails in concrete crushing tests initiated by flexural cracking followed by shear cracks. The sustainable concrete could be categorized as a perfect material with no significant conciliation in strength properties and can be applied to design under-reinforced elements for a low-to-moderate service load.
Highlights
Sustainable construction is gradually becoming challenging due to environmental and economic considerations
The maximum slump value was found for the control specimen, whereas the minimum slump value is found for the mix with 5 %wt of the fly ash (FA), 5 %wt of the rice husk ash (RHA), and 10 %wt of the stone dust (SD)
The binding action of the FA is considerably superior to that of the RHA, but both show similar results when no treatment is applied to the concrete mix
Summary
Sustainable construction is gradually becoming challenging due to environmental and economic considerations. Many available by-products and waste materials can be used in concrete, such as the FA, RHA, palm oil fuel ash, limestone waste, SD, slag, silica fume, fibres, glass and rubber waste [3, 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. The use of these by-products in concrete for waste management reduces the material cost and the waste management cost [2, 11, 16]
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