Performance of agricultural extension agents in Indonesia: evidence from a nationally representative survey

Abstract

ABSTRACT Purpose This study analyses the performance of field extension agents in Indonesia using a multi-dimensional performance indicator. Methodology The study uses data from an online survey of a nationally representative sample of 1,974 field extension agents. Binary and ordinal probit models are utilised to analyse the performance of extension agents and the factors influencing it based on a multi-dimensional measurement of performance. Findings and practical implications Improved performance is associated with increased career progression, availability of external funds, the opportunity to collaborate, involvement in government programs, implementation of disciplinary measures and a diversified use of advisory methods. To promote performance, the government should encourage and improve the institutional arrangements. Theoretical implications This study introduces a multidimensional measurement that covers timeliness, targeting and content dimensions while capturing both the institutional arrangement and demographic characteristics in explaining performance. Originality/value This study introduces an online survey for extension agents that encompasses a nationally representative sample, thereby demonstrating this cost effective approach designed for rapid data collection and facilitating the measurement of performance during unforeseen events, such as the Covid-19 pandemic. Its broad applicability allows for a thorough analysis of agricultural extension agents’ performance in a variety of contexts.