Abstract
Cloud point extraction (CPE) – spectrophotometric method had been adopted for the separation of atrazine using the non-ionic silicone surfactant, polysiloxane polyether, as a new approach of atrazine extractor in CPE. There were two types of polysiloxane polyether (DC 193C and OFX 0309) studied to investigate the effectiveness of these surfactants toward atrazine in CPE method. Various effects of operating parameters such as the concentration of surfactant and atrazine, addition of salt and change of temperature and pH on the extraction of atrazine have been studied in detail to find the optimum conditions. The limit of detections (LODs) and quantifications (LOQs) were in the range of 0.09–0.59 μg L−1 and 0.31–1.95 μg L−1 in water samples, respectively. The method recoveries at two spiked levels were 84–105% (CPE-OFX 0309) and 59–69% (CPE-DC 193C) with good correlation of determination (R2) ranging from 0.9927–0.9993 for both methods. The Langmuir isotherm has been used for solubilisation study of surfactant and atrazine. The thermodynamic parameters have been determined such as Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) which increases with temperature, value of enthalpy (ΔH°) and value of entropy (ΔS°) which increase with the surfactant hydrophobicity.
Highlights
Atrazine (2-chloro-4-(ethylamino-6-isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine) belongs to the chlorinated triazine groups which are the most heavily used pesticides in the maize crop industry. the use of atrazine is banned, the use of herbicides has been increasing due to the worldwide requirement for higher agricultural activities
Paper effect was introduced as an alternative in the phase separation due to its ability to reduce the solubility of atrazine in aqueous phase.[30]
Cloud point extraction (CPE) – spectrophotometric method based on non-ionic silicone surfactant of OFX 0309 and DC 193C as a new approach was successfully applied to extract carcinogenic atrazine in water samples
Summary
Triazine) belongs to the chlorinated triazine groups which are the most heavily used pesticides in the maize crop industry. Non-ionic silicone surfactant, polysiloxane polyether (OFX 0309 and DC 193C) was used to overcome this problem because it has more exible polysiloxane chains without any aromatic structure It can form more compact micelle structures which offer low water content in the surfactant rich phase and low in density; enhancing the extraction efficiency.[10] The non-ionic silicone surfactant are used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products.[11]. The aim of present study was to investigate and develop the CPE – spectrophotometric method based on non-ionic silicone surfactants as a new approach for the extraction of atrazine compound in the water samples. Detailed studies on atrazine solubilisation and various thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (DH), entropy (DS), and Gibbs free energy (DG) have been studied for both surfactants This fundamental study will be helpful for future application for the extraction of organic pollutants or contaminants in water sample using non–ionic silicone surfactant in the CPE method
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