Performance comparison of CNNs on high-resolution multispectral dataset applied to land cover classification problem

Abstract

Multispectral images acquired by satellites have been used in many fields such as agriculture, urban change detection, finding fire-hazardous forest areas, and real-time surface monitoring. The central issue in remote sensing analysis is land use and land cover classification. Land use and land cover classification (LULC) is the process of classification into meaningful classes based on the spectral characteristics of remote sensing data. Land use and land cover classification is a challenging task due to the complex nature of the Earth's surface. The accuracy of solving the issue using deep learning approaches depends on the quality of the remote sensing data, the choice of the classification algorithm. The ability to obtain high-resolution multispectral images periodically could dramatically improve remote sensing solutions. In this study, we propose a solution for the land cover and land classification problem of high-resolution remote sensing data by applying deep learning methods using EuroPlanet geo-referenced high-quality images with four bands and pixel resolution of 204x204 per image, and acquired by Planet platform in 2020-2022 years. The dataset consists of 25911 images with spatial resolution up to 3.125 meters per pixel and 10 different classes. In the past decade, artificial neural networks have shown great performance in solving complex image classification tasks. For the dataset evaluation, we have taken advantage of state-of-art pretrained convolutional neural network models ResNet50v2, EfficientNetV2, Xception, VGG-16, and DenseNet201 with fine tuning. It has been established that DenseNet201 pretrained neural network outperformed other models. The accuracy of the test data was 92.01 % and the F1 metric was 91.63 %. In addition, bands evaluation for the dataset was carried out. Overall classification accuracy of 93.83 % and F1 score of 93.56 % were achieved by DenseNet201 model. The results could be used for area verification, real-time monitoring, and surface change detection. Nowadays, this is very helpful for Ukrainian territory because of the Russian invasion and the country's recovery in the future.