Abstract
In this work, the performance of the multi-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique, in static mode, is analyzed. Specifically, GPS (Global Positioning System), GLONASS, and Galileo systems are considered, and quantifying the Galileo contribution is one of the main objectives. The open source software RTKLib is adopted to process the data, with precise satellite orbits and clocks from CNES (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales) and CLS (Collecte Localisation Satellites) analysis centers for International GNSS Service (IGS). The Iono-free model is used to correct ionospheric errors, the GOT-4.7 model is used to correct tidal effects, and Differential Code Biases (DCB) are taken from the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luftund Raumfahrt (DLR) center. Two different tropospheric models are tested: Saastamoinen and Estimate ZTD (Zenith Troposhperic Delay). For the proposed study, a dataset of 31 days from a permanent GNSS station, placed in Palermo (Italy), and a dataset of 10 days from a static geodetic receiver, placed nearby the station, have been collected and processed by the most used open source software in the geomatic community. The considered GNSS configurations are seven: GPS only, GLONASS only, Galileo only, GPS+GLONASS, GPS+Galileo, GLONASS+Galileo, and GPS+GLONASS+Galileo. The results show significant performance improvement of the GNSS combinations with respect to single GNSS cases.
Highlights
Nowadays, Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is increasingly becoming widespread as an absolute positioning technique introducing a large variety of possible applications in both kinematic and static conditions
The results showed that the integration of BeiDou, Galileo and GLONASS systems with GPS (Global Positioning System) significantly shortened the convergence time and improved the positioning accuracy
The analysis of the results showed a positioning accuracy improvement at a centimeter level obtained thanks to the multi-GNSS configuration compared to GPS-only
Summary
Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is increasingly becoming widespread as an absolute positioning technique introducing a large variety of possible applications in both kinematic and static conditions. Sci. 2020, 10, 5420 advantage of using the most precise carrier phase observables, and reducing the effect of all the types of errors and biases that affect GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) measurements. In this way, PPP is able to provide a precision level comparable to differential positioning without the support of ground stations. PPP is able to provide a precision level comparable to differential positioning without the support of ground stations For this reason, PPP is suitable for remote areas
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