Abstract
With the development of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, applying the potential and benefits of IoT technology in the health and environment services is increasing to improve the service quality using sensors and devices. This paper aims to apply GIS-based optimization algorithms for optimizing IoT-based network deployment through the use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and smart connected sensors for environmental and health applications. First, the WSN deployment research studies in health and environment applications are reviewed including fire monitoring, precise agriculture, telemonitoring, smart home, and hospital. Second, the WSN deployment process is modeled to optimize two conflict objectives, coverage and lifetime, by applying Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) routing protocol with minimum total network lengths. Third, the performance of the Bees Algorithm (BA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms are compared for the evaluation of GIS-based WSN deployment in health and environment applications. The algorithms were compared using convergence rate, constancy repeatability, and modeling complexity criteria. The results showed that the PSO algorithm converged to higher values of objective functions gradually while BA found better fitness values and was faster in the first iterations. The levels of stability and repeatability were high with 0.0150 of standard deviation for PSO and 0.0375 for BA. The PSO also had lower complexity than BA. Therefore, the PSO algorithm obtained better performance for IoT-based sensor network deployment.
Highlights
Internet of Things (IoT) has changed operational health and environment systems with sensors and devices to turn a stream of right information into some sort of intelligence location based service [1,2,3,4].It has to be highlighted that the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) plays a significant role in IoT because it can be developed in many fields [5,6], so that the most cities have deployed or are planning to deploy wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for creating city-wide wireless coverage [7]
The results showed that the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm converged to higher values of objective functions gradually while Bees Algorithm (BA) found better fitness values and was faster in the first iterations
It has to be highlighted that the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) plays a significant role in IoT because it can be developed in many fields [5,6], so that the most cities have deployed or are planning to deploy WSN for creating city-wide wireless coverage [7]
Summary
Internet of Things (IoT) has changed operational health and environment systems with sensors and devices to turn a stream of right information into some sort of intelligence location based service [1,2,3,4].It has to be highlighted that the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) plays a significant role in IoT because it can be developed in many fields [5,6], so that the most cities have deployed or are planning to deploy WSN for creating city-wide wireless coverage [7]. In environmental and health monitoring applications, the WSNs have to be designed extremely reliably because it can be literally the difference between life or death. It means that they have to be designed in such a way that they ubiquitously provide the environmental and health services at any place and at any time. To deploy such a WSN, due to the high cost of the sensors, the minimum number of sensors has to be located in the position to create maximum coverage of the region. The batteries of the sensors limit the Sensors 2020, 20, 5923; doi:10.3390/s20205923 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors
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