Abstract
Display field communication (DFC) is an imperceptible display-to-camera (D2C) communication approach that provides dual-mode, full-frame, visible light communication capabilities. Unlike conventional screen-to-camera communication approaches, DFC embeds data imperceptibly in the spectral domain of individual video frames. This paper analyzes the practical performance of the DFC scheme with advanced receivers, including zero forcing (ZF), minimum mean square error (MMSE), and maximum likelihood (ML). A 249×262 color image is used for embedding data consisting of eight individual information vectors with their elements 2-QAM and 4-QAM modulated. The color image is separated into three individual channels, i.e., red (R), green (G), and blue (B). A lossy display-camera channel is considered in the presence of Gaussian noise, blooming, and various geometric distortions. Simulation results show that the ML receiver outperforms MMSE and ZF receivers. In addition, independent RGB data channels are evaluated to compare the symbol error rate of each channel. The proposed color DFC algorithm can be a viable candidate for practical scenarios in applications like smart content transmission and for supporting robust communication performance with advanced receivers, while the data embedded in the images remain unobtrusive to the human eye.
Highlights
Optical camera communication (OCC) [1,2,3,4,5] has been rapidly emerging as a compelling technology for wireless communications, generally consisting of light-emitting diodes (LED) as a transmitter and a camera as a receiver
Leveraging the properties of the orthogonal transparency channel, HiLight “hides” the bits by changing the pixel translucence instead of modifying the red-green-blue (RGB) color. Another mechanism for high-rate, flicker-free screen-camera communications was proposed, which is similar to quick response (QR) coding techniques, but the data are embedded in the image spatially using a contentadaptive method [22]
The position of the subbands in the frequency-domain image was set by considering the start pixel value, s, equal to 95 for SB1, 75 for subband 2 (SB2), and 45 for subband 3 (SB3)
Summary
Optical camera communication (OCC) [1,2,3,4,5] has been rapidly emerging as a compelling technology for wireless communications, generally consisting of light-emitting diodes (LED) as a transmitter and a camera as a receiver. PIXNET includes a perspective corrective algorithm, blur-adaptive orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) coding, and an ambient light filter Another approach to screen-camera communications was proposed in color barcode streaming for smartphones (COBRA) [11]. Leveraging the properties of the orthogonal transparency (alpha) channel, HiLight “hides” the bits by changing the pixel translucence instead of modifying the red-green-blue (RGB) color Another mechanism for high-rate, flicker-free screen-camera communications was proposed, which is similar to QR coding techniques, but the data are embedded in the image spatially using a contentadaptive method [22]. The other is pixel-based texture analysis, which employs detection of the so-called good region (in which changes remain imperceptible to the human eye) in an image to embed data These kinds of hidden display-camera communications techniques have emerged as a new paradigm that embeds data imperceptibly into regular videos while remaining unobtrusive to human viewers.
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