Abstract
In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), one of the important challenges is the lack of precise mathematical modeling taking into account the passive vacation triggered by the zero-arrival state of nodes. Therefore, a polling-based access control is proposed in this paper using a sleeping schema to meet the challenge of quality of service (QoS) and energy-efficient transport in VANET environments for smart cities. Based on IEEE 802.11p, it was developed in an attempt to improve the energy efficiency of the hybrid coordination function of controlled channel access (HCCA) through a self-managing sleeping mechanism for both the roadside unit (RSU) and on-board units (OBUs) or sensor nodes according to the traffic load in vehicle -to-infrastructure (V2I) scenarios. Additionally, a Markov chain was developed for analyzing the proposed mechanism, and the exact mathematical model is provided with regard to the passive vacation. Then, the performance characteristics—including the mean cyclic period, delay, and queue length—were accurately obtained. In addition, the closed-form expression of the quantitative relationship among sleeping time, performance characteristics, and service parameters was obtained, which can easily evaluate the energy efficiency. It was proven that theoretical calculations were completely consistent with simulation results. The simulation results demonstrate that the suggested method had much lower energy consumption than the standard strategy at the expense of rarely access delay.
Highlights
As a key symbol of smart cities, intelligent and connected transportation systems (ICTSs) are growing rapidly, and so vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have attracted a great deal of attention in the research community because of their contributions to road safety, traveling support, traffic efficiency, user-oriented service, etc. [1,2]
Based on IEEE 802.11p, it was developed in an attempt to improve the energy efficiency of the hybrid coordination function of controlled channel access (HCCA) through a self-managing sleeping mechanism for both the roadside unit (RSU) and on-board units (OBUs) or sensor nodes according to the traffic load in vehicle -to-infrastructure (V2I) scenarios
Polling Control with Sleeping (PC-S) appears as the first solution that theoretically addresses sleep state in the system’s mathematical model for the autonomic V2I communication in VANETs and at the same time considers performance
Summary
As a key symbol of smart cities, intelligent and connected transportation systems (ICTSs) are growing rapidly, and so vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have attracted a great deal of attention in the research community because of their contributions to road safety, traveling support, traffic efficiency, user-oriented service, etc. [1,2]. The passive vacation or sleeping state resulting from the zero-arrival state of nodes is rarely considered during system modeling, which has led to a decrease in accuracy [9] This situation requires a theoretical model that can assess the quantitative relationship among system performance, sleeping factor, and network control parameters. Considering the passive vacation, a k-limited (k = 1) polling-based access control protocol with the sleeping technique named Polling Control with Sleeping (PC-S) media access control (MAC) is proposed in this paper for V2I VANETs. A self-managing sleeping mechanism is used for both RSUs and OBUs (or nodes) to improve the energy efficiency of HCCA according to the traffic load.
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