Perception and Motion in Real and Virtual Environments: A Narrative Review of Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Irene Valori,Rena Bayramova,Phoebe E Mckenna-Plumley,Teresa Farroni

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708229

Irene Valori, Rena Bayramova + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708229

Copy DOI

Abstract

Atypical sensorimotor developmental trajectories greatly contribute to the profound heterogeneity that characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Individuals with ASD manifest deviations in sensorimotor processing with early markers in the use of sensory information coming from both the external world and the body, as well as motor difficulties. The cascading effect of these impairments on the later development of higher-order abilities (e.g., executive functions and social communication) underlines the need for interventions that focus on the remediation of sensorimotor integration skills. One of the promising technologies for such stimulation is Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR). In particular, head-mounted displays (HMDs) have unique features that fully immerse the user in virtual realities which disintegrate and otherwise manipulate multimodal information. The contribution of each individual sensory input and of multisensory integration to perception and motion can be evaluated and addressed according to a user’s clinical needs. HMDs can therefore be used to create virtual environments aimed at improving people’s sensorimotor functioning, with strong potential for individualization for users. Here we provide a narrative review of the sensorimotor atypicalities evidenced by children and adults with ASD, alongside some specific relevant features of IVR technology. We discuss how individuals with ASD may interact differently with IVR versus real environments on the basis of their specific atypical sensorimotor profiles and describe the unique potential of HMD-delivered immersive virtual environments to this end.

Highlights

MULTISENSORY DEVELOPMENTEmbracing a neuroconstructivist approach, we can conceive of the development of an individual as a continuous and dynamic process of interaction among genetic constraints and environmental landscapes through the plasticity of the brain (Karmiloff-Smith, 2009)
To the best of our knowledge, nothing is known about how these aspects could affect the distinctive way in which individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) weight sensory inputs and prior or contextual knowledge in building up perception (Palmer et al, 2017)
While virtual environments have been suggested to reduce the engagement of the dorsal visual stream in favor of the ventral one (Harris et al, 2019), further research is needed to understand this effect on the atypical visual functioning reported in ASD (Grinter et al, 2010)

Summary

Introduction

MULTISENSORY DEVELOPMENTEmbracing a neuroconstructivist approach, we can conceive of the development of an individual as a continuous and dynamic process of interaction among genetic constraints and environmental landscapes through the plasticity of the brain (Karmiloff-Smith, 2009). Individuals with ASD manifest deviations in sensorimotor processing with early markers in the use of sensory information coming from both the external world and the body, as well as motor difficulties.

Results

Conclusion