Abstract
Allergic diseases are highly prevalent disorders, mainly in industrialized countries where they constitute a high global health problem. Allergy is defined as an immune response “shifted toward a type 2 inflammation” induced by the interaction between the antigen (allergen) and IgE antibodies bound to mast cells and basophils that induce the release of inflammatory mediators that cause the clinical symptoms. Currently, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment able to change the course of these diseases, modifying the type 2 inflammatory response by an allergenic tolerance, where the implication of T regulatory (Treg) cells is considered essential. The pollen of the olive tree is one of the most prevalent causes of respiratory allergic diseases in Mediterranean countries, inducing mainly nasal and conjunctival symptoms, although, in areas with a high antigenic load, olive-tree pollen may cause asthma exacerbation. Classically, olive-pollen allergy treatment has been based on specific immunotherapy using whole-olive pollen extracts. Despite extracts standardization, the effectiveness of this strategy varies widely, therefore there is a need for more effective AIT approaches. One of the most attractive is the use of synthetic peptides representing the B- or T-cell epitopes of the main allergens. This review summarizes experimental evidence of several T-cell epitopes derived from the Ole e 1 sequence to modulate the response to olive pollen in vitro, associated with several possible mechanisms that these peptides could be inducing, showing their usefulness as a safe preventive tool for these complex diseases.
Highlights
Allergic diseases are highly prevalent disorders, mainly in industrialized countries where they constitute a high global health problem
Ole e 1 is a 145-aa glycoprotein that was firstly sequenced by Edman degration [68], showing high microheterogeneity in several positions and 1 N-glycosylation site located at Asn111 of the polypeptide chain (Figure 1A), which has been related with allergenic properties [69]
This review summarizes in greater depth the potential of short synthetic peptides, defined as T-cell epitopes, to prevent the response against the olive pollen in vitro, associated with evidence of possible mechanisms that these peptides could be modulating
Summary
Allergic diseases, which are adverse reactions of the immune system (IS) to theoretically innocuous environmental antigens, are a global health problem that affects up to. After allergen exposure, epithelial-derived cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-33 and IL-25 (called alarmins) induce the recruitment and activation of antigen presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DC) with a pro-allergic phenotype and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). The immune regulatory response involves a complex system, which includes multiple populations of immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory B cells (Bregs), Natural Killer (NK) cells, immunosuppressive plasmocytes (ISPCs), and a regulatory subset of ILCs with interconnected functions that are currently being studied extensively [3,6,7,8] Within this complex system, there are subtypes of T cells with immunosuppressive function generically referred to as regulatory T cells (Tregs), wich have been described in humans, and play a fundamental role in allergen tolerance.
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