Peptic Ulcer: A review

Abstract

Peptic ulcers, characterized by painful sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus, are a prevalent gastrointestinal condition affecting millions worldwide. This abstract provides an overview of the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for peptic ulcers. Peptic ulcers primarily stem from the imbalance between aggressive factors such as gastric acid secretion, pepsin, and Helicobacter pylori infection, and defensive mechanisms like mucosal barrier integrity and blood flow. Lifestyle factors such as excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and stress, along with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), also contribute to ulcer formation. Symptoms of peptic ulcers include burning pain in the abdomen, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and unintended weight loss. However, some individuals may remain asymptomatic or experience atypical symptoms. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history assessment, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, barium X-ray, and H. pylori testing. Treatment aims to alleviate symptoms, promote ulcer healing, and prevent recurrence. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine receptor antagonists (H2RAs), and antibiotics are commonly prescribed to reduce gastric acid secretion, eradicate H. pylori infection, and promote ulcer healing. Lifestyle modifications including dietary changes, stress reduction techniques, and cessation of smoking and alcohol consumption are also integral components of ulcer management. In conclusion, peptic ulcers are a common gastrointestinal disorder with multifactorial etiology. Early recognition of symptoms, accurate diagnosis, and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.