Pentacyclic Triterpenoid from the Stem Bark of Gmeliana arborea and its Activities Against Some Clinical Isolates

Abstract

This investigation was conducted with the goal of determining the chemical constituent(s) and antibacterial activities of the stem bark of the Gmelina arborea plant. The stem bark of the Gmelina arborea plant was extracted using the Soxhlet technique in conjunction with hexane and ethyl acetate as the solvents. This extraction process was carried out in a sequential fashion. Using a rotary evaporator and lower pressure, these extracts were condensed to a higher concentration. All of the extracts were put through a qualitative phytochemical screening to determine whether or not they contained secondary metabolites. These secondary metabolites included alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and anthraquinone. Both extracts included alkaloid, tannins, saponins, and cardiac glycosides, but only the hexane extract had flavonoid, while the ethyl acetate extract contained anthraquinone. Additionally, the hexane extract did not contain anthraquinone. The results revealed that the ethyl acetate extract did not contain anthraquinone. A quantitative phytochemical study was carried out in order to investigate the metabolite concentrations of the various compounds. Quantification and characterization were performed on eighteen (18) different bioactive substances. Ephedrine had the greatest concentration, measuring in at 45.066 g/mg, while kaempferol had the lowest concentration, measuring in at 0.386 g/mg. Antimicrobial activity against Gram negative organisms (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi); Gram positive organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin Resistant staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin Resistant enterococci, Enterococcus faecalis) using disc and broth diffusion methods was also carried out on the two different crude extracts and results compared with standard drugs as control. It was established where the zone of inhibition was and how sensitive the bacteria were. The Soxhlet extraction of ethyl ac