Abstract
Sheltering is one of the countermeasures for protection against radiation exposures in nuclear accidents. The effectiveness of sheltering is often expressed by the reduction factor, that is the ratio of the indoor to the outdoor cumulative radioactivity concentrations or doses. The indoor concentration is mainly controlled by the air exchange rate, penetration factor, and indoor deposition rate. The penetration factor and indoor deposition rate depend on the surface and the materials and structure of windows and doors as it is these openings in the building envelope that control penetration. We investigated experimentally these parameters of I2 and particles. The experiment was performed in two apartment houses, three single-family houses, and chambers. The obtained penetration factor ranged from 0.3 to 1 for particles of 0.3–1 μm and 0.15–0.7 for I2 depending on the air exchange rate. The indoor deposition rate for a house room ranged from 0.007 to 0.2 h−1 for particles of 0.3–1 μm and 0.2–1.5 h−1 for I2.
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