Peculiarities of community acquired pneumonia triggered by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (review)

Abstract

Aim . Analysis of scientific publications related to issues concerning basics of pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and radiological patterns as well as co-infection peculiarities in patients with COVID-19 was performed. Results . The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is based on injury of alveolocytes and other organs (kidneys, heart and other) that have angiotensin II receptors on the cell membrane. “Cytokine storm”, disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome that are at the basis of acute respiratory distress syndrome pathogenesis with a high probability of death are common in patients with COVID-19. Apart of homeostasis dysregulation, emerging coinfection of bacterial, viral and fungal etiology notably deteriorates the disease. Biological material is a key aspect in accurate laboratory diagnosis of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2. Thus, biological material of choice are sputum or preferably bronchoalveolar lavage that give less falsenegative results. Only in case of their absence evaluation of nasopharyngeal swabs via PCR are justified. Apart of laboratory diagnosis of the novel coronavirus disease, computer tomography of lungs is also effective. Computer tomography can be even more sensitive than PCR of nasopharyngeal swabs in early stages of the disease. The most frequent radiographic symptoms are bilateral, basal-predominant, peripheral, round ground glass opacities, halo sign. Conclusion . Thereby in order to execute most effective diagnosis of pneumonia, caused by SARS-CoV-2 it is necessary to utilize epidemiological anamnesis alongside with laboratory diagnosis and radiological imaging.