Abstract
LOUIS-PHILIPPE, King of French, became a pear same way duc d'Orleans became Louis-Philippe, King of French. The conversion into a pear began on 14 November 1831, when Charles Philipon was on trial in Paris for against person of The outrages had been committed by drawings published in Philipon's satirical weekly La Caricature, one of which showed Louis-Philippe as a mason busily plastering over slogans that had inspired July Revolution of year before, revolution that brought him to power. Philipon's defense was ingenious. He argued that, while figure in indicted caricature looked like there was no way juridically to determine that it was king. Even if royal majesty is indeed incarnate in the person of king, crime of lese-majeste is unproven until it's shown beyond reasonable doubt that person being made fun of is indeed that of king. Philipon's position was that appearances simply can't furnish necessary proof. As he explained to court, signs of monarchy alone specify that a drawing represents monarch, and physical resemblance isn't a sign of any kind.
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