Abstract
Sinomenine is a naturally occurring alkaloid and commonly used as one of the bioactive drug components in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment in the clinic. Varying supported palladium-based catalysts have been synthesized and examined as heterogeneous catalysts for catalytic extraction of sinomenine from Sinomenium acutum. Among various examined supported catalysts, Pd–Ce/ZIF-8 (zeolitic imidazolate framework-8) demonstrates promising catalytic activity in the extraction reaction with an improved yield of 2.15% under optimized conditions. The catalyst composite can be recovered by centrifuging, and reused. A total of three catalyst recycling processes were performed with constant activity. The catalyst Pd–Ce/ZIF-8 has a particle size range of 2–12 nm and a total Pd–Ce loading amount of 5.1 wt% (ZIF-8).
Highlights
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and destructive inflammatory disorder, affecting approximately 1% of the world’s population regardless of age, gender, race, and ethnicity, and it is growing [1]
Palladium-based catalysts have been widely used in biomass conversion to produce high-value-added products
The transition metal nanoparticle (NP)-based catalysts used in this work, including palladium NPs, palladium–gold NPs, palladium–ruthenium
Summary
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and destructive inflammatory disorder, affecting approximately 1% of the world’s population regardless of age, gender, race, and ethnicity, and it is growing [1]. RA usually affects the lining of the joints and shows inflammation with painful swelling, thickens the synovium, and eventually destroys the cartilage and erodes bone within the joint [2,3,4]. The main clinical treatment option for RA is medication. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), steroids, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic agents, are used in RA treatment [2,3,4,5]. Sinomenine (9α,13α,14α-7,8-didehydro-4-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one) is a naturally occurring bioactive alkaloid, which has been extracted from the root of the climbing plant
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