Abstract
Evidence for corrupt practice in pharaonic Egypt is examined in comparative and culture specific contexts. Definitions of corruption are related to degrees of depersonalization of government, to levels of government penetration, and to the scale, efficiency, and professionalization of bureaucracy. Stress is laid on the personal nature of the Egyptian hierarchy, in a face-to-face society in which themes of loyalty, reciprocity, and client-patron relationships were important at all levels. The limitations of central control systems for the management of officials are discussed, and contrasted with the exercise of patronage-based authority in the mitigation of inappropriate behavior.
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