Abstract
Stroke is one of the major causes of death and disability, including ischemic stroke, which accounts for 85 - 87 % of cases. Currently, there are few treatment options available for minimizing tissue death following a stroke. Emerging data suggest that biomarkers may help improve current clinical outcome of stroke. As such, there is a pressing need to understand the pathophysiology and to explore effective biomarkers following an ischemic brain event. The pathophysiology of ischemic stroke is complex, and majorly involves excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, apoptosis, etc. Several of the biomarkers are related to these pathophysiologic mechanisms and they may have applications in stroke prediction, diagnosis, assessment, prognosis or treatment. In this review, we summarized the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and some related biomarkers are examined.
Highlights
Stroke is a serious neurological disease and a leading cause of disability worldwide [1]
Though neuro-imaging examinations such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are excellent in the management of stroke patients, biomarkers to support a clinical diagnosis of stroke, identify patients at risk of disease, and guide treatment and prognosis would be valuable [3]
In terms of risk prediction value, fibrinogen was reported both by Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration that plasma fibrinogen level was significantly associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and other causes of vascular and nonvascular mortality [29], and by community-based study in Taiwan that a 72% increase in ischemic stroke risk was observed for individuals with fibrinogen ≥8.79 μmol/L compared with those
Summary
Stroke is a serious neurological disease and a leading cause of disability worldwide [1]. Ischemic strokes constitute 85 – 87 % of all cases. Hemorrhagic stroke includes spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and account for the remainder of cases [2].For its enormous clinical, social and economic implications, it is urgent to understand the mechanisms and thereby guiding the diagnosis and therapy of stroke. Though neuro-imaging examinations such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are excellent in the management of stroke patients, biomarkers to support a clinical diagnosis of stroke, identify patients at risk of disease, and guide treatment and prognosis would be valuable [3]. Many ischemic stroke candidate biomarkers have been identified, but none are currently used in clinical practice, so further studies and researches are demanded. The primary objectives of this review are to summarize: (A) the pathophysiology of stroke and (B) current understanding of biomarkers in stroke
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