Abstract
For many years, passive optical networks (PONs) have received a considerable amount of attraction regarding their potential for providing broadband connectivity to almost every citizen, especially in remote areas where fiber optics can attract people to populate regions that have been abandoned. Error-free connectivity without dropouts can offer new opportunities to communicate, earn money and enjoy cultural events. Transmission speeds are multigigabit with distances of a few tens of kilometers; these specifications were previously reserved for high-speed and long-haul backbone networks. PONs can also support a new class of applications, such as accurate time transfer or distributed fiber sensing and follow new trends in open networking. An outline of past and current standards and standards that have been proposed for the latest generation of multigigabit PONs is provided.
Highlights
The Internet is just an ordinary thing in the lives of billions of people, and emails, file sharing, messaging, cloud services, video calls, online gaming and online movie streaming are taken for granted
The initial impulse that resulted in the massive deployment of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) was the adoption of ATM as a transmission technology for a broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN), which was approved by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
During the development of the new generation of passive optical networks, which are known as the next-generation PON (NG-PON or XG-PON), this development was divided into two subgenerations—NG-PON1 and next-generation PON stage 2 (NG-PON2)—depending on the possibility of joint operation with older PON standards on a common network infrastructure [53]
Summary
The Internet is just an ordinary thing in the lives of billions of people, and emails, file sharing, messaging, cloud services, video calls, online gaming and online movie streaming are taken for granted. The maximum capacity of the core Internet fiber networks is just one part of the story—it is even more important that end-users can access that massive volume of data [1]. Other solutions employ edge boxes (e.g., switches or routers) in a building that are powerful, small and have low power consumption These boxes provide optical interfaces with optical cables that reach individual apartments equipped with equipment that have optical receivers and usually use Ethernet for services such as Internet protocol television (IPTV). The cost of the newest technologies does not allow extensive deployment, and obsolete devices are being replaced by new equipment This “one by one” strategy is always included in incoming standards for PONs. Two choices are available for selecting an appropriate standard in brownfield or greenfield scenarios. All customers cannot be disconnected at an OLT port during the OLT replacement process because current ONUs will not be able to operate by a new standard; each standard has similar operations but with an additional component of the transmission convergence layer
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