Abstract
For many years, passive optical networks (PONs) have received a considerable amount of attention regarding their potential for providing broadband connectivity, especially in remote areas, to enable better life conditions for all citizens. However, it is essential to augment PONs with new features to provide high-quality connectivity without any transmission errors. For these reasons, PONs should exploit technologies for multigigabit transmission speeds and distances of tens of kilometers, which are costly features previously reserved for long-haul backbone networks only. An outline of possible optical amplification methods (2R) and electro/optical methods (3R) is provided with respect to specific conditions of deployment of PONs. We suggest that PONs can withstand such new requirements and utilize new backbone optical technologies without major flaws, such as the associated high cost of optical amplifiers. This article provides a detailed principle explanation of 3R methods (reamplification, reshaping, and retiming) to reach the extension of passive optical networks. The second part of the article focuses on optical amplifiers, their advantages and disadvantages, deployment, and principles. We suggest that PONs can satisfy such new requirements and utilize new backbone optical technologies without major flaws, such as the associated high cost.
Highlights
Full optical system, high gain, 30–50 dB, low noise Figure (4–6 dB), polarization independent, the same phase and frequency as an input signal, high power transfer efficiency from pump to signal power (50%), can act as a shutter—when the EDFA is unpumped, it acts as shutter, large dynamic range, directly and simultaneously amplify a wide wavelength band (80 nm) in the 1550 nm region, with a relatively flat gain, flatness can be improved by gain-flattening optical filters, suitable for long-haul applications
In this paper we focus on reach extension in passive optical networks whereas applications in access and passive optical networks are being considered
The general principles of operation and the basic configurations are explained for all types of amplifiers
Summary
Passive optical network (PON) technologies find their major deployment in access networks [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. 20 km, but in some cases, this distance limitation has to be broken or extended due to extensions of signal transmission in rural areas, remote offices, remote cities, etc For these purposes, standardization organizations, such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) or Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), proposed PONs with longer reach [14,15,16,17,18,19]. A clock rate is recovered and reconstructed before sending a time position (for example, by a comparator) This output signal is equivalent to the original signal that was transferred to the fiber. Data are synchronously and sinusoidally modulated through an intensity or phase modulator, driven by the recovered clock [50]
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