Passive Cooling Methods Adapted for Thermal Comfort in Havelies of Bikaner

Abstract

In recent years, significant global concerns revolve around issues like climate change, pollution, resource depletion. The increasing temperature on Earth, primarily driven by human activities releases greenhouse gases (about 49.5 gigatons of CO2 per year) into the atmosphere, that has a wide range of impacts on both the environment and society. The Earth's ability to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) is diminishing, leading to the depletion of the global ecosystem. The planet is undergoing warming, primarily driven by the construction industry, which has seen substantial increases in building materials, techniques, and energy demands. Nevertheless, traditional architecture has a history of practicing climate-responsive design. This research study centers on Bikaner, often referred to as the "City of 1000 Havelis" and is home to various business communities including Daga, Rampuriya, Kothari, and others. Havelies of Bikaner, which have been a source of pride for the Indian mercantile community, i.e. Marwaris, since the 16th century are influenced by social, cultural, climatic, and artistic factors. The planning, material selection, passive features of Haveli protects the inhabitants from the harsh impact of hot and dry climate of city. The narrow streets, thick walls, Aala gila work on wall & floor, courtyard, jharokha controls the indoor thermal balance. It is important to utilize traditional knowledge and integrate it with modern technology for holistic development.