Abstract
This work aims to remove the oil from passion fruit seeds using ethanol as solvent and then to carry out the transesterification of the product from the extraction step (oil + ethanol). The effects of operational variables in the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were evaluated and traditional extraction was performed for comparison. The extraction product was directed to the reaction step using an enzymatic catalyst. UAE provided oil yield from 12.32 to 21.76%, and the maximum value (73.7% of the traditional extraction yield) was obtained at 60 °C and 50 min using a solvent-to-seed ratio of 4. Oil removal was favored by increases in the investigated variables. g-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol and a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified in the oils. The oil obtained by UAE presented higher phytosterol contents. From the reaction step, samples were obtained with higher concentrations of ethyl esters, in addition to emulsifiers (diglycerides and monoglycerides).
Highlights
Passion fruit is a tropical fruit which is popular worldwide and is commonly used in juice production, with Brazil accounting for ~80% of world production (“Embrapa”, 2017)
The objective of this work was to determine the maximum oil yield that can be obtained from passion fruit seeds using Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with ethanol as solvent, and to use the extraction product in its maximum condition for the reaction step, thereby simulating a sequential process
Equation 1 shows the correlation between oil yield and the experimental variables obtained from regression analysis data (Table 2)
Summary
Passion fruit is a tropical fruit which is popular worldwide and is commonly used in juice production, with Brazil accounting for ~80% of world production (“Embrapa”, 2017). Passion fruit seeds represent ~12% of the fruit and can be considered good sources of oils, besides containing high amounts of fiber, which supports their use as a complementary source of these nutrients in the diet (Chau and Huang, 2004). Passion fruit seeds have 18 to 30% oil in their composition (Malacrida and Jorge, 2012; Piombo et al, 2006; Santana et al, 2017). High levels of linoleic acid can be found in this oil (Malacrida and Jorge, 2012; Oliveira et al, 2013), in addition to phytosteroids and tocopherols, which give the oil high antioxidant activity (Lee et al, 2015; Pereira et al, 2017; Santana et al, 2017). Silva and Jorge (2017) reported the presence of phytosterols in this oil, highlighting β-sitosterol in higher concentrations
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