Abstract
Single electron tunneling into small superconducting islands is sensitive to the gap energy of the excitations created in the process and, hence, depends on the parity of the electron number in the island. We study these effects by analyzing the kinetics of the system. The tunneling of a single electron, the “odd” one, dominates at low temperatures since in this process the excitation energy can be regained, while the competing regular processes are exponentially suppressed. We discuss the influence of parity effects on single electron tunneling and Andreev reflection in superconducting transistors and find rich structures in the I– V characteristics, which compare well with recent experiments.
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