Abstract
Fish are the most diverse group of vertebrates, and exhibit a remarkable diversity of parental care behaviors, ranging from nesting and mouthbrooding to internal gestation and male pregnancy. Fish differ from most other groups of vertebrates in that males are often the primary caregiver, a factor which has made this group particularly important in studies of the ecology and evolution of parental care. We summarize current theories on the evolution of care, discuss the social, neural and physiological mechanisms underlying care behaviors, and discuss how recent methodological innovations are contributing to a clearer understanding of how and why parental care evolves.
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