Abstract
This cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the effect of sleep bruxism, awake bruxism and parafunctional habits, both separately and cumulatively, on the likelihood of adolescents to present painful TMD. The study was conducted on a sample of 1,094 adolescents (aged 12-14). The presence of painful TMD was assessed using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders, Axis I. Data on sleep bruxism, awake bruxism and parafunctional habits (nail/pen/pencil/lip/cheek biting, resting one's head on one's hand, and gum chewing) were researched by self-report. After adjusting for potential demographic confounders using logistic regression, each of the predictor variables (sleep bruxism, awake bruxism and parafunctional habits) was significantly associated with painful TMD. In addition, the odds for painful TMD were higher in the concomitant presence of two (OR=4.6, [95%CI=2.06, 10.37]) or three predictor (OR=13.7, [95%CI=5.72, 32.96]) variables. These findings indicate that the presence of concomitant muscle activities during sleep and awake bruxism and parafunctional habits increases the likelihood almost linearly of adolescents to present painful TMD.
Highlights
Painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD) has been viewed as a complex and multidimensional process, involving various psychosocial and environmental factors that may contribute to its pathogenesis.[1]
It has been shown that sleep and awake bruxism and parafunctional habits are associated with painful TMD.[14]
Predictor variables Sleep bruxism: the self-report was obtained from the question “Have you been told, or have you noticed that you grind your teeth or clench your jaw while sleeping at night?” (Brazilian-Portuguese Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) questionnaire).[17]
Summary
Painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD) has been viewed as a complex and multidimensional process, involving various psychosocial and environmental factors that may contribute to its pathogenesis.[1]. It has been shown that sleep and awake bruxism and parafunctional habits are associated with painful TMD.[14] a dose-response gradient has been suggested in this association, i.e., more muscle activity (intensity, duration) leads to more overloading and muscle pain.[15]. We think it interesting to study the effect of sleep and awake bruxism and of parafunctional habits, both separately and cumulatively, on the likelihood of adolescents to develop painful TMD
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