Paradigm Shift of Language Revitalization in Indonesia

This paper aims to demonstrate studies of pragmatic particles in Indonesian vernacular languages. Given the fact that Indonesia ranked second most populated language in the world after New Guinea, we would expect a huge number of studies discussing Indonesian local languages. Review to studies of pragmatic particles in Indonesian language is therefore considered salient to carry out to shed light on how different authors examine different particles, what kind of method they employ to describe meaning and functions, and what potential implication this study could contribute in this field. Besides, it also enriches the cross-linguistic study of pragmatic particles in general. Following Macaro et al’s. (2017) guideline of systematic review, this study employed linear process of procedure by deciding keywords, screening title, reviewing abstract, examining full text, and drawing conclusion. The corpus of pragmatic particles employed in reviewed studies ranges from colloquial, spoken, dialogue, and monologue data. Some approaches were used to reveal the pragmatic meanings, such as conversation analysis approach, pragmatics, morpho-syntactic, and even phonological approach. This discussion in the present paper may be fruitful for researchers who are working on pragmatic particles or vernacular languages and suggests that more studies in local languages should be outstripped to sustain national linguistic identity in the global arena. AbstrakThis paper aims to demonstrate studies of pragmatic particles in Indonesian vernacular languages. Given the fact that Indonesia ranked second most populated language in the world after New Guinea, we would expect a huge number of studies discussing Indonesian local languages. Review to studies of pragmatic particles in Indonesian language is therefore considered salient to carry out to shed light on how different authors examine different particles, what kind of method they employ to describe meaning and functions, and what potential implication this study could contribute in this field. Besides, it also enriches the cross-linguistic study of pragmatic particles in general. Following Macaro et al’s. (2017) guideline of systematic review, this study employed linear process of procedure by deciding keywords, screening title, reviewing abstract, examining full text, and drawing conclusion. The corpus of pragmatic particles employed in reviewed studies ranges from colloquial, spoken, dialogue, and monologue data. Some approaches were used to reveal the pragmatic meanings, such as conversation analysis approach, pragmatics, morpho-syntactic, and even phonological approach. This discussion in the present paper may be fruitful for researchers who are working on pragmatic particles or vernacular languages and suggests that more studies in local languages should be outstripped to sustain national linguistic identity in the global arena.

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Part I: Introduction L. Hinton, Language Revitalization: An Overview. A. Ash, J. Little Doe Fermino, and K. Hale, Diversity in Local Language Maintenance and Restoration: A Reason For Optimism. Part II: Language Policy L. Hinton, Federal Language Policy and Indigenous Languages in the United States. R.D. Arnold, ...To Help Assure the Survival and Continuing Vitality of Native American Part III: Language Planning L. Hinton, Language Planning. L. Hinton, Introduction to the Pueblo Languages. C.P. Sims, Native Language Planning: A Pilot Process in the Acoma Pueblo Community. R. Pecos and R. Blum-Martinez, The Key to Cultural Survival: Language Planning and Revitalization in the Pueblo de Cochiti. K. Hale, The Navajo Language: I. P.R. Platero, Navajo Head Start Language Study. Part IV: Maintenance And Revitalization of National Indigenous Languages L. Hinton, Introduction to Revitalization Of National Indigenous Languages. L. Hinton, Introduction to the Welsh Language. G. Morgan, Welsh: A European Case of Language Maintenance. K. Hale, Introduction to the Maori Language. J. King, Te Kohanga Reo: Maori Language Revitalization. L. Hinton, Introduction to the Hawaiian Language. S.L. No'eau Warner, The Movement to Revitalize Hawaiian Language and Culture. W.H. Wilson and K. Kamana, Loko Mai O Ka 'I'ini: Proceeding From A Dream - The 'Aha Punana Leo Connection In Hawaiian Language Revitalization. Part V: Immersion L. Hinton, Teaching Methods. L. Hinton, The Karuk Language. T. Supahan and S.E. Supahan, Teaching Well, Learning Quickly: Communication-Based Language Instruction. K. Hale, The Navajo Language: II. M. Arviso and W. Holm, Tsehootsooidi Olta'gi Dine Bizaad Bihoo'aah: A Navajo Immersion Program at Fort Defiance, Arizona. L. Hinton, The Master-Apprentice Language Learning Program. K. Hale, Linguistic Aspects of Language Teaching and Learning in Immersion Contexts. Part VI: Literacy L. Hinton, New Writing Systems. L. Hinton and K. Hale, An Introduction to Paiute. P. Bunte and R. Franklin, Language Revitalization in the San Juan Paiute Community and the Role of a Paiute Constitution. Part VII: Media and Technology L. Hinton, Audio-Video Documentation. K. Hale, Australian Languages. K. Hale, Strict Locality in Local Language Media: An Australian Example. K. Hale, The Arapaho Language. S. Greymorning, Reflections on the Arapaho Language Project, or When Bambi Spoke Arapaho and Other Tales of Arapaho Language Revitalization Efforts. K. Hale, Irish. C. Cotter, Continuity and Vitality: Expanding Domains through Irish-Language Radio. K. Hale, The Mono Language. P.V. Kroskrity and J.F. Reynolds, On Using Multimedia in Language Renewal: Observations from Making the CD-ROM Taitaduhaan. L. Buszard-Welcher, Can the Web Help Save My Language? Part VIII: Training L. Hinton, Training People to Teach Their Language. K. Hale, Inuttut and Innu-aimun. A. Johns and I. Mazurkewich, The Role of the University in the Training of Native Language Teachers: Labrador. L. Hinton, Languages of Arizona, Southern California, and Oklahoma. T.L. McCarty, L.J. Watahomigie, A.Y. Yamamoto, and O. Zepeda, Indigenous Educators as Change Agents: Case Studies of Two Language Institutes. K. Hale, The Navajo Language: III. C. Slate, Promoting Advanced Navajo Language Scholarship. Part IX: Sleeping Languages L. Hinton, Sleeping Languages: Can They Be Awakened? L. Hinton, The Use of Linguistic Archives in Language Revitalization: The Native California Language Restoration Workshop. L. Hinton, The Ohlone Languages. L. Yamane, New Life for a Lost Language. About the Editors. About the Authors. Index.

Awareness about the decline of various ethnic cultures in Indonesia has been the government concern since the New Order era (1966-1998). Towards the issues, the Indonesian government has done more concrete actions, i.e., cultural revitalization, including local languages, which began in the second year of the First Five Development Year (Repelita), the 1970s [1]. The same source further explained that there were five main activities to carry on, including (a) language standardization, (b) language socialization, (c) translation, (d) language and literary research, and (e) development of language agents and information networks [1]. Interestingly, (a) the condition of the local language in Indonesia, (b) the shifting factor of the language, and (c) the language revitalizations that have been done are various. The paper will discuss two cases of minority languages revitalization in Indonesia, namely Betawi and Lampung. Both languages are interesting to review and compare since they have the same characteristics: they are the language of minority ethnic groups whose environment is the center of migration of various ethnicities since the Dutch colonial. The massive development of Jakarta has displaced Betawi people to the suburbs, such as Depok, Bekasi and Tangerang (Shahab, 2004: 20). As a consequence, the existence and the role of the Betawi language, which is considered a dialect of Jakarta, is now being eroded (Chaer, 2017: 160). Meanwhile, the Lampungnese region has been the first transmigrant location in the colonial era from Java island, 1905. Currently, Lampungnese is around 11.92 percent [2] of the entire population in the Province and the younger speakers have shifted to Indonesian/Malay. This desk study examines various literature, previous research, and policy papers to present findings regarding the latest report on language revitalization carried out. One of the efforts to revitalize the Betawi language that has been carried out is building Betawi cultural villages in Condet and Setu Babakan [3]. However, the high number of mixed marriages and the dominance of Indonesian made it challenging to transmit local language between generations since younger generations speak Indonesian more often. On the other hand, the Lampung provincial government has made efforts to teach the Lampung language from elementary school to university to produce Lampung language teachers. Unfortunately, the efforts that have been done have not shown better results since younger Lampungneses are more fluent in Indonesian better than Lampungnese.

This paper examines the effectiveness of digital tools in the revitalisation of minority languages, as well as the potential outcomes associated with the successful implementation of these tools for endangered languages. The objective of this paper is to recognise how community engagement is enhanced through the utilisation of digital tools. Furthermore, it explores the long-term effects of integrating these digital resources within distinct language communities, specifically regarding improvements in the sustainability of languages and the resilience of cultural identities. The discussion also addresses the barriers that impede the successful implementation of revitalisation initiatives, including “low digital literacy” and “content limitations” in specific minority languages. Nevertheless, this work proposes strategies to overcome these challenges effectively. The study employs a qualitative methodology involving case studies and a comprehensive review of existing published works regarding language documentation and revitalisation efforts, such as scholarly articles, reports, and other relevant publications. The research findings indicate that digital tools such as Duolingo, Memrise, FLEx, and ELAN significantly support language documentation and revitalisation efforts. These tools particularly promote community engagement among the younger generation by offering a substantial volume of content pertinent to their language. In conclusion, the implementation of digital tools presents a promising strategy for the preservation and documentation of languages. These tools not only empower local communities but also enhance the effectiveness of language revitalisation efforts. Keywords: cultural identities, documentation, digital tools, minority languages, revitalisation Abbas, A., & Bidin, S. (2022). 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Indonesian Language has two positions, namely as the national language and the language of the State. In his position as the national language, Indonesian Language serves as a symbol of national pride, a symbol of national identity and as a means of communication between peoples, inter-region and intertribe. Meanwhile, as the language of the state serves as the language of instruction in educational institutions, official state language, national cultureof developer tools, science and technology. The Political Language Seminar in 2000 decided that the position of regional languages serve as a symbol of regional pride, regional identity and local community relations. The presence of Indonesian and regional languages at the present time has begun to erode in the presence of a foreign language. At least, the language users are no longer using language appropriate to the place and the circumstances. Sometimes in a formal situation, people are using foreign languages or regional languages, although the situation is demanding to use Indonesian. The same thing happened in the context of education in Banten province, the vast majority of students and educators in the teaching and learning process in the classroom often use or mix the language with the local language in Indonesian or foreign language. One of the factors that caused the decline in the vitality of Indonesian Language in society and in educational institutions is the linguistic competence of the speakers, thus when doing communication, they mix or even leave Indonesian Language.

There is a growing phenomenon, worldwide, of inserting English words, phrases or expressions, into the local language: this is part of the acceptance of English as current world language. Indonesia is experiencing the use of this mixture of language when using either their own Indonesian or local language; English words, phrases and expressions are inserted into conversations and written expressions. The incorporation of foreign language words or expressions into a local language is conducted in a variety of events by different sectors of the community. It is carried out by people who have varying levels of familiarity with both the local and a foreign language or languages. This article discusses the use of language mixture in Indonesia and investigates the use of English words and phrases inserted into Indonesian language.

The phenomenon of regional language extinction, particularly in Indonesia, is clearly evident and experienced by the language users themselves. In order to prevent the extinction of regional languages, the government has long established a legal framework for regional languages in Indonesia. The Minister of Education has also introduced guidelines (Models A and B) for the revitalization of local languages, with the aim of preserving them in Indonesia. These guidelines are intended to support local governments in adopting strategies to maintain and preserve local languages. Consequently, researchers have shown interest in examining the role of the Regional Government of Nagan Raya Regency in preserving the local language. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method, utilizing data collection techniques such as observation, documentation, and in-depth interviews. The findings of this research indicate that 5 out of 6 approaches to regional language revitalization efforts have been implemented in line with the Language Development and Development Agency (2022). However, the Nagan Raya government has not yet implemented an immersion-based learning approach to language revitalization, as this program is still unfamiliar to them. Nevertheless, other approaches, such as one-day language practice, technology-based learning, religion, arts and culture, and creativity, have been successfully implemented.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) research on Indonesian language is relatively slow compared to other languages, such as English or Chinese. Most of the researches are dealing with Indonesian formal textes. Some NLP researches that are dealing with Indoensian informal texts are having quite difficulty since Indonesian informal language usually combines formal language, daily language, and local language. In addition, there is a habit in Indoensians to use abbreviation in texting. These cause great difficulty in features generation process, where machines fail to identify stopwords and form lemmas from the bag of words. There are actually dictionaries that can be used to do lemming process for Indonesian forma language, daily language, local languages, and even Indoensian formal abbrevations. But there is stil no dictionary for Indoensian informal abbrevations. This research made an Indonesian informal abbrevations dictionary from 4000 Indonesian tweets. The dictionary contains 706 unique abbrevations as its corpus. The dictionary then used to generate features. In this research, the features generation only used this dictionary to measure its signiicancy. The feature generation with the Indonesian informal abbrevations dictionary were tested with Indonesian tweets about Covid-19 Vaccine. The features generation process was able to identify 2262 abbrevations wotj 71,09% of them were identified as stopwords. To take a further step, the features generated then being tested to figure out their impact in sentiment analysis. The sentiment analysis used Multi-Layer Perceptron. Unfortunately, those features didn’t increase the performance of the sentiment analysis. The accuracy decreased by 3,5% while the precision, recall, and F1-Score decreased in range of 0,02 – 0,04. With this result, it can be concluded that the use of this dictionaty alone for lemming process is not enough. It needs to be combined with other dictionary to have more optimal result.

This transformation aims to produce learning programs that are more adaptive, responsive to the needs of international students, and able to create a comprehensive and in-depth learning experience. With this transformation, it is hoped that foreign speakers will not only learn Indonesian technically, but will also be able to understand and interact with Indonesian culture more broadly. There are many methods and strategies that each teacher can use to make BIPA learning or transformation more effective, both in the process of improving oral and written language skills as well as insight into Indonesian culture. This is the background for the author to conduct research. This is a response and the result of positive values ​​from the various ways language activists and institutions introduce Indonesian to the world. The research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach and literature study. In line with these steps, the Indonesian language learning process organized by the Language Education and Training Center through the Intensive Indonesian Language Course (KIBINA), which is a language transformation process, needs to be explored through comprehensive research, especially efforts to internationalize the Indonesian language in improving the quality of international students' educational outcomes. from time to time. Based on the comparison of the middle and final exam scores, the results can be seen that of the 5 materials that were transformed or taught, 3 of them experienced a decline, such as Listening, Speaking and Grammar skills. The most drastic decline was in listening skills, while the materials that experienced an increase were reading and writing, although the increase was not significant. Based on the findings of researchers in the field, the transformation of knowledge through the Kibina or BIPA program for transformation in the classroom includes 4 (four) skills taught to students, especially foreign students, namely; listening, reading, writing and speaking as well as grammar are required to improve and combine knowledge, affective and psychomotor aspects.

Indonesia has so many local cultures and languages that spread from Sabang to Merauke, and most Indonesians do not know how to speak two or more regional languages in Indonesia. Most Indonesians only know familiar tribes that are only commonly heard. Because of this problem, governments in the Indonesian provinces have included lessons on Indonesian culture. The lesson will explain Indonesia’s national and local culture for their area. In this way, the government can also help Indonesians learn more about their local language. This paper proposes a solution to create a learning portal website for users, both from Indonesia and other countries, to learn Indonesian culture and regional languages. In this way, the author hopes that users can learn about Indonesian local culture and language and contribute to preserving Indonesian local culture and language. This application was built on a web-based basis by applying the following HTML, CSS, and javascript using Personal Home Pages (PHP) for database connection using MySQL. The built application was designed using a use case diagram and class diagram to describe the database relations.

Different instruments for language vitality are used to determine language status. However, doing so raises problems regarding the correctness of an instrument, especially in terms of differences in instruments among qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. This aspect exerts an impact on differences in the svariables of respondent criteria, data collection techniques, and the categorization of results. Moreover, a few of these instruments cannot necessarily be applied to all languages in Indonesia due to complex conditions. Moreover, this research is novel because it is the first to discuss linguistic theory using a philosophical approach, especially falsification approach. This aims to test validity of language vitality instruments. Furthermore, it attempts to identify instruments that can be applied to languages in Indonesia. The reason is that Indonesia features many local languages, which leads to complex linguistic situations and conditions. This research uses a descriptive qualitative methods. Research techniques use data taken from previous studies and observations. Data analysis uses Popper’s falsification theory. The result indicated that language vitality instruments require several new alternative theories to address the complex linguistic conditions in Indonesia. The principle of falsification can add truth value in determining language status, such that it can be accepted for all languages in Indonesia. However, the falsification is still required for minority languages and strengthens the truth value of languages that are extinct. This notion exerts a contribution on the deepening of language policy in Indonesia, such that all languages can undergo language vitality testing according to the characteristics of their languages.

THIS writing discusses people's language attitude in the border area of East Nusa Tenggara -Timor Leste, particularly in Silawan village, East Tasifeto district, Belu regency, the Province of East Nusa Tenggara. This study aims to describe the people's language attitude in the border area on the Indonesian language, local language, and foreign language using a survey method. The samples are taken from the population and the data are collected via questionnaires. It is a quantitative study correlating respondent social features with their opinion to some language attitude parameters, namely their language attitude on the Indonesian language, local language, and foreign language. It is found that people living around the border area of East Nusa Tenggara have more positive attitude towards the local language than towards the Indonesian language, or the foreign language. The social features of speakers, such as gender, ages, education levels, spouse ethnicities, marital statuses, and residences influence one's language attitude. The language attitude of people living around the border area, either on the Indonesian language, on local language, or on foreign language, based on their social features displays various results

Threat language can be found in various local languages in Indonesia, including the Sepa language of the Indigenous peoples of Amahai, Moluccas, where the nationalization of Indonesian is a threat to its extinction. This paper aims to look at the extinction of regional languages from the framework of modernization and contestation of regional languages with national languages. This study is conducted qualitatively, data collection based on interviews, literature study, and observation obtained from Raja Sepa, community leaders, customary stakeholders. Research shows that the language in Maluku is almost extinct in line with the narrowing of regional language spaces; the language has been abandoned by its speakers because of the process of modernization and migration. This study shows the need for revitalization of the Sepa language through facilitating the mapping of the Sepa language comprehensively, making the Sepa language dictionary, and integrating the Sepa language into the local curriculum.

Indonesian is the national language of Indonesia. Besides Indonesian, there are 700 foreign and local languages used to communicate in Indonesia. Even though it is used by more than 275.7 million people, Indonesian and local Indonesian are still not getting more attention in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) community. Currently the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers or BERT model is a state of the art performance in NLP. This article aims to conduct a review of the BERT model in Indonesian and local Indonesian language. Some of the findings in this article can be used as ideas for developing NLP using the BERT model in Indonesian. From the search, found 7 pretrained BERT models in Indonesian and local Indonesian language. 5 of them are monolingual BERT Model in Bahasa Indonesia and 1 monolingual in Local Indonesian Language (Sundanese). Meanwhile, only 1 multilingual BERT model in Indonesian-Javanese-Sundanese. The majority of monolingual BERT models are in Indonesian, while only 1 monolingual BERT model is in the local Indonesian language, Sundanese. The downstream task of the Indonesian BERT model and the Indonesian local BERT model are sentiment analysis, classification, and text summarization. There are 3 extrinsic evaluation benchmarks for Indonesian BERT, namely IndoNLU, IndoNLG, and IndoLEM.