Abstract
The aim of this paper is to reinterpret the 1917 Military Juntas, analyzing them within the framework of Dr. Villacorta Banos’ defense, twenty-five years ago, of the defensive corporatism that various professional and bureaucratic groups developed in opposition to the state and society during the last decade of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century. From this viewpoint, which up to the present has been ignored in studies of the military institution, we shall deny that the Juntas were just another of the many interventions of the Army to change the politics of the moment. On the contrary, we claim they represent a corporate movement aimed at defending the professional career of their associates, a career always questioned by the framework of cacique power abuse, which was the inner nature of the state during the Spanish Restoration; a problem the Army shared with the rest of public employees. Nonetheless, due to its extreme variety, the military corporation was unable to put together one single bargaining association. It was ultimately the scale, not the corps, which gave an aim to the divided junta movement. Thus, it propitiated the existence of various “Juntas” with corporate interests which were often conflicting. And so, instead of threatening the State with the powerful unity of the Army, they made their division evident, however much they tried to solve disagreements and settle conflicts.
Highlights
RESUMEN: Este trabajo pretende reinterpretar las Juntas Militares de 1917, insertándolas en la reflexión que el doctor Villacorta Baños dedicó hace veinticinco años al corporativismo defensivo que distintos grupos de profesionales y burócratas desarrollaron frente al Estado y la sociedad durante la última década del siglo XIX y las dos primeras del XX
Years ago, of the defensive corporatism that various professional and bureaucratic groups developed in opposition to the state and society during the last decade of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century
From this viewpoint, which up to the present has been ignored in studies of the military institution, we shall deny that the Juntas were just another of the many interventions of the Army to change the politics of the moment. We claim they represent a corporate movement aimed at defending the professional career of their associates, a career always questioned by the framework of cacique power abuse, which was the inner nature of the state during the Spanish Restoration; a problem the Army shared with the rest of public employees
Summary
RESUMEN: Este trabajo pretende reinterpretar las Juntas Militares de 1917, insertándolas en la reflexión que el doctor Villacorta Baños dedicó hace veinticinco años al corporativismo defensivo que distintos grupos de profesionales y burócratas desarrollaron frente al Estado y la sociedad durante la última década del siglo XIX y las dos primeras del XX. Representarían, en cambio, un movimiento corporativo de defensa de la carrera profesional de sus asociados, puesta siempre en cuestión por el entramado caciquil que resultaba ser la naturaleza íntima del Estado de la Restauración, problema que el Ejército compartía con el resto de los empleados públicos. En los años 80, el estudio de las Juntas comenzó a cobrar profundidad: se exploraron sus causas, antecedentes y desarrollo dentro de la lógica interna de la corporación castrense, sin descuidar su contribución a la descomposición política de la Monarquía[2]; pero, a nuestro juicio, una mejor comprensión exige repensarlas como un fenómeno surgido del profundo malestar de unos cuerpos de burócratas cuyos integrantes, no por llevar uniforme, dejaban de ser meros funcionarios al ser-. Para ello debemos comenzar caracterizando al militar como un empleado público más
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