Pandemic-Driven Leadership Perceptions: Attribution Theory in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted critical aspects of leadership and public trust amidst a health crisis of unprecedented scale in the United States, especially within a context of significant political polarization. This research paper explores the nuances of leadership effectiveness during the pandemic, focusing on the role of attribution theory in understanding public perceptions of leadership actions. The theory elucidates how the public interprets leaders’ responses to the pandemic, influenced by factors such as political affiliations, societal norms, and racial considerations. The paper investigates the interplay between incumbent advantage theory and the rally ’round the flag effect, alongside the impact of President Trump’s handling of the pandemic on public opinion. It delves into the complexities introduced by the pandemic’s racial dimensions and its effects on minority communities, examining the broader implications for leadership responsiveness and public trust. Using a comprehensive analysis of demographic and psychographic variables, the study reveals a significant negative outlook on Trump’s crisis management across various groups. The findings underscore a complex interplay of media influence, racial identity, health status, financial conditions, and political affiliations in shaping perceptions of leadership accountability. Through the lens of attribution theory, the paper offers a nuanced understanding of the psychological and political dynamics that affect public attitudes toward leadership and accountability during crises.