Abstract
Abstract Marine oomycetous species produce, among other fatty acids, omega-6 arachidonic acid (ARA) and omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), with implications for the industrial potential of this group of organisms and the need to find an isolate with high production. This study screened 14 isolates of marine oomycetous species: Halophytophthora avicenniae, H. batemanensis, H. exoprolifera, H. polymorphica and Salispina spinosa cultured from fallen mangrove leaves in Taiwan for 24 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in their mycelia. This paper is the first to report C18:1n-7 vaccenic acid, C20:1 eicosenoic acid, C24:1 nervonic acid, C20:2n-6 eicosadienoic acid, C22:4n-6 adrenic acid, C20:4n-3 eicosatetraenoic acid and C22:5n-3 docosapentaenoic acid in mycelia of Halophytophthora and Salispina species, and the fatty acid profiles of H. batemanensis and H. exoprolifera. Five fatty acids were dominant in the mycelia of the isolates, i.e. C16:0 palmitic acid, C18:1n-9 oleic acid, C18:2n-6 linoleic acid, C20:4n-6 arachidonic acid and C20:5n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid. For the essential fatty acids, S. spinosa produced the highest level of arachidonic acid (27–31% of total fatty acid (TFA), 141–188 mg l−1 yield) while H. avicenniae IMB212 produced the highest percentage of EPA (15% of TFA) while H. polymorphica IMB227 produced the highest yield (96 mg l−1). Different species and isolates of the same species produced different fatty acid profiles, and further research effort may yield a high production isolate of industrial significance and also important fatty acids from the marine environment.
Highlights
Halophytophthora is an aquatic oomycetous genus, and includes both freshwater and marine species: H. avicenniae, H. batemanensis, H. exoprolifera, H. fluviatilis, H. insularis, H. masteri, H. polymorphica, H. porrigovesica, H. souzae and H. vesicula (Jesus et al 2019; Marano et al 2014; Yang and Hong 2014)
For the essential fatty acids, S. spinosa produced the highest level of arachidonic acid (27–31% of total fatty acid (TFA), 141–188 mg l−1 yield) while H. avicenniae IMB212 produced the highest percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (15% of TFA) while H. polymorphica IMB227 produced the highest yield (96 mg l−1)
Based on the BLASTn results of 18S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA, 11 isolates were identified to belong to four Halophytophthora species (H. avicenniae, H. batemanensis, H. exoprolifera and H. polymorphica; Table 2)
Summary
Halophytophthora is an aquatic oomycetous genus, and includes both freshwater and marine species: H. avicenniae, H. batemanensis, H. exoprolifera, H. fluviatilis, H. insularis, H. masteri, H. polymorphica, H. porrigovesica, H. souzae and H. vesicula (Jesus et al 2019; Marano et al 2014; Yang and Hong 2014). Salispina, is a related genus and was established to accommodate two subspecies of Halophytophthora spinosa Salispina currently includes S. hoi, S. intermedia, S. lobata and S. spinosa (Bennet and Thines 2018; Li et al 2016). Halophytophthora/Salispina species generally are leaf degraders in tropical/subtropical mangrove environments but. A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, and can be categorized as saturated or unsaturated. The aliphatic chains in saturated fatty acids are linked by single bonds while those in unsaturated fatty acids are linked by one (monounsaturated fatty acid, MUFA) or more (polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA) double bonds. Many microorganisms are known to produce these essential PUFAs including fungi, Stramenopiles (thraustochytrids), bacteria, Cryptophyta, Haptophyceae and Alveolata (Kothri et al 2020; Pang et al 2016)
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