Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is associated up-regulation of fetal genes and down-regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ cycling genes. Therapy with non-excitatory cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) electrical signals delivered to LV muscle during the absolute refractory period improves LV function in patients with HF. We examined the effects of 3 months CCM therapy on mRNA expression of cardiac fetal and SR genes in 5 patients with advanced HF.
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