P-doped porous carbon from camellia shell for high-performance room temperature sodium–sulfur batteries

Abstract

Room-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries are still hampered by severe shuttle effects and sluggish kinetics. Most of the sulfur hosts require high cost and complex synthesis process. Herein, a facile method is proposed to prepare a phosphorous doped porous carbon (CSBP) with abundant defect sites from camellia shell by oxidation pretreatment combined with H3PO4 activation. The pretreatment can introduce pores and adjust the structure of biochar precursor, which facilitates the further activation of H3PO4 and effectively avoids the occurrence of large agglomeration. Profiting from the synergistic effects of physical confinement and doping effect, the prepared CSBP/S cathode delivers a high reversible capacity of 804 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 C and still maintains an outstanding capacity of 458 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.5 C (1 C = 1675 mA g−1). This work provides new insights into the rational design of the microstructures of carbon hosts for high-performance room temperature sodium–sulfur batteries.