Abstract
Lithium metal batteries have achieved large-scale application, but still have limitations such as poor safety performance and high cost, and limited lithium resources limit the production of lithium batteries. The construction of these devices is also hampered by limited lithium supplies. Therefore, it is particularly important to find alternative metals for lithium replacement. Sodium has the properties of rich in content, low cost and ability to provide high voltage, which makes it an ideal substitute for lithium. Sulfur-based materials have attributes of high energy density, high theoretical specific capacity and are easily oxidized. They may be used as cathodes matched with sodium anodes to form a sodium-sulfur battery. Traditional sodium-sulfur batteries are used at a temperature of about 300 °C. In order to solve problems associated with flammability, explosiveness and energy loss caused by high-temperature use conditions, most research is now focused on the development of room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries. Regardless of safety performance or energy storage performance, room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries have great potential as next-generation secondary batteries. This article summarizes the working principle and existing problems for room temperature sodium-sulfur battery, and summarizes the methods necessary to solve key scientific problems to improve the comprehensive energy storage performance of sodium-sulfur battery from four aspects: cathode, anode, electrolyte and separator.
Highlights
With the development of society and the depletion of natural resources, people have to start using renewable energy to develop low-cost and high-efficiency energy storage devices, such as secondary batteries
Room temperature sodium–sulfur batteries face safety problems caused by the anode sodium dendrites, the insulation problem of the cathode sulfur, the shuttle effect of the intermediate product polysulfide and the loss of active materials caused by its dissolution
Du et al [16] used the high conductivity of reduced graphene oxide and the catalytic effect of VO2 on the conversion of soluble polysulfides to solid sulfides, and a three-dimensional layered cathode with VO2 nanoflowers grown in situ on reduced graphene oxide was designed and prepared
Summary
With the development of society and the depletion of natural resources, people have to start using renewable energy to develop low-cost and high-efficiency energy storage devices, such as secondary batteries. The high operating temperature causes a loss of electrical energy, and may cause the failure of the solid electrolyte, which causes explosions and fires due to contact between the cathode and the anode These problems limit the wide application of high-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries [13]. Room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries have the advantages of high safety performance, low cost, abundant resource and high energy density [15,16]. They solve the safety problem of high-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries, and solve the problem of high cost of lithium-ion batteries, and have received widespread attention. This article will start with a description of the electrochemical reaction mechanism for the room temperature sodiumsulfur battery, and describe the development of room temperature sodium-sulfur battery in recent years in terms of its cathode, electrolyte, separator design and anode protection
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