Abstract
Insulin resistance and high blood glucose are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a serious global health concern. In the pathogenesis of T2DM, oxidative stress-a mismatch between antioxidant defenses and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-is a major factor. The mechanisms causing oxidative stress and its clinical consequences are highlighted in this review, which offers a thorough overview of oxidative stress markers in T2DM. We classify oxidative stress according to its origins, pathways, impacted biomolecules, and related illnesses. We stress the significance of keeping an eye on indicators of oxidative stress, including glutathione (GSH), catalase, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), protein carbonyls, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Comprehending these indicators is crucial for formulating focused treatment approaches to reduce oxidative stress and enhance clinical results in individuals with T2DM.
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